Creating a cozy atmosphere in the house is unthinkable without maintaining a comfortable temperature in the interior. The better the thermal resistance of the external walls, the more comfortable the microclimate for humans will be maintained in living rooms throughout the year. This indicator largely depends on the thickness of the building’s walls and their ability to withstand changes in external temperatures. In this regard, in order to build comfortable housing, one should take into account SNiP standards, which indicate the minimum permissible thickness of walls made of brick, wood and other materials.
Features of the material
Brick is one of the most technologically advanced building materials. Due to its excellent operational and technical qualities, it has long been used by people for the construction of both small one-story buildings and in the construction of massive multi-story structures.
Building bricks successfully withstand loads that are thousands of times greater than their own weight, and if all masonry technologies are followed, the load-bearing walls of a brick house can last for dozens or even hundreds of years without problems. Meanwhile, service life depends on such technical indicators of the material as strength coefficient and frost resistance.
The frost resistance indicator of a material gives an idea of the ability of a load-bearing brick wall to withstand freeze/thaw cycles as the seasons change. The frost resistance coefficient directly affects the period of “failure-free” operation and depends on the density and porosity of the material. The higher the moisture absorption coefficient, the lower the resistance of brick walls to seasonal temperature changes. According to GOST requirements, the minimum cyclicity of building materials should not be lower than 20 - 25 seasons.
The strength coefficient is calculated depending on how much load the material can withstand without destruction or deformation. Marking is done in increments of 25-50 units and can range from M-75 to M-200. Each of these varieties has its own area of use.
The higher the number of floors of the building or the expected load of the floors, the greater the thickness of the brickwork should be. If brick grades M-75 and M-100 are quite suitable for low-rise private buildings, then for the construction of high-rise buildings, plinths and other structures with high operational loads, you should take a brick with a strength grade of at least M-150, regardless of the thickness of the masonry.
Among the disadvantages, high hygroscopicity should be noted. Burnt clay, which serves as the main raw material for this building material, can easily absorb water from the atmosphere and retain water inside it. The dampness contained in micropores and cracks gradually leads to the destruction of the brick and loss of its strength qualities. In this regard, the external masonry should, if possible, be protected from the effects of precipitation by waterproofing or water-repellent primers.
Another disadvantage of brick as a material is its high thermal conductivity. Thanks to this, the brick itself is an excellent “cold bridge”, facilitating the penetration of frost from the outside into the building. Previously, this negative property was combated by increasing the thickness of the load-bearing brick wall.
In Soviet times, given the relative cheapness of bricks and the lack of effective ones, this was the easiest way out of the situation. A few decades ago, the thickness of the walls of a brick house in the central regions of the country could be 64 cm, and in the northern regions - 1 m or more. However, now that there is a huge selection of building thermal insulation on the construction market, such a thickness of a brick wall becomes an unnecessary waste.
All problems with insufficient thermal insulation of a building can be solved using any insulation suitable for these purposes.
Factors for calculating wall thickness
Calculation of the thickness of brick walls depends on a number of aspects, the main ones of which are two:
- Load-bearing indicators.
- Thermal insulation indicators.
In the first case, its load-bearing capacity depends on the width of the brick walls. This is relevant for a load-bearing supporting structure, while internal interior partitions can be laid out “in brick” or “in half a brick” - 12 or 25 cm wide. In this case, the thickness of the internal walls is quite sufficient to create a strong partition. It is able to withstand mechanical loads and withstand suspended structures - shelves, cabinets, door frames, etc.
The thickness of the outer brick wall, unlike the partition wall, should be such as to withstand more significant loads. The load-bearing walls of the house bear the weight of the interfloor ceilings, the upper floors and the roof, so the strength of the entire building depends on its width.
The thickness of the load-bearing walls also largely depends on the thermal insulation characteristics of the material. The higher the building material, the greater the minimum thickness of the wall structure should be.
Types of brickwork
In modern construction, several are used, varying in width. The standard thickness of the walls of a building can be from 1 to 2 or more bricks. In this case, the concept “in a brick” means the length of a brick, which is 25 cm. The standard size of a “single” brick is fixed in the provisions of GOST and is:
- Length - 25 cm (brick laying).
- Width - 12 cm (half-brick masonry)
- Height - 6.5 cm.
From the point of view of economic feasibility, for low- and mid-rise construction, the most effective is the thickness of the external walls of 38 - 51 cm - two or one and a half bricks thick. This type of masonry can easily withstand the weight of two or three floors above, as well as the load from the roof. At the same time, the mass of the structure remains relatively small, so the developer will not have to further strengthen the foundation of the house. Another advantage of such masonry is that this type of masonry allows you to significantly save on building materials.
Walls thicker than 2 bricks are practically not used in modern construction. This is due to the fact that, firstly, their load-bearing capacity is clearly excessive - a wall of 2 bricks can cope with the required load.
Increased masonry dimensions only lead to unreasonably inflated estimated costs for building materials, without any benefit in terms of the strength of the building. Secondly, it is much more effective to improve the thermal insulation of a building through the use of insulation materials than by increasing the thickness of load-bearing brick walls. According to SNiP standards, thinner walls for supporting structures are not recommended. Thus, a half-brick load-bearing wall will not be able to provide sufficient strength to the building and longevity of its operation.
For internal partitions, half-brick masonry (12 cm) is most often used. This is the most optimal option, both from the point of view of the financial component and taking into account the strength characteristics of the structure. Much less common is brickwork (25 cm) and 6.5 cm, when the bricks are placed on edge.
However, such designs have more disadvantages than advantages: in the first option, the cost of the piers is doubled, and in the second, the strength of the pier is insufficient.
Calculation of bricks in masonry
Before deciding how thick the walls of the future building will be, it is necessary to make a series of engineering calculations. First of all, you should calculate the total that will be needed for the construction of load-bearing and partition structures. This will need to be done for two reasons:
- Optimize estimated costs.
- Calculate the load on the supporting base.
The first step is to calculate the area of all walls, separately external and internal, and subtract the area of window and door openings from the resulting number. Next, you need to calculate how many bricks are contained in a square meter of masonry of a given thickness. This amount depends on the type of material. Today, three main standard sizes are used in brick construction:
- Standard: 25 x 12 x 6.5 cm.
- One and a half: 25 x 12 x 8.8 cm.
- Double: 25 x 12 x 13.8 cm.
The table shows the costs of different types of bricks for masonry of various thicknesses.
Using the table above, you can not only calculate the amount of material required for construction, but also calculate the load that the building will exert on the foundation. Knowing the mass of the building and using the summary tables of SNiP, it is possible to calculate the minimum permissible value of the strength of the foundation foundation.
Thermal insulation performance
The thermal protection coefficient is one of the key factors when designing wall thickness. Not so long ago, the thickness of load-bearing brick walls turned out to be a decisive factor for creating an effective thermal insulation belt. In this regard, masonry with a thickness of 3-4 or more bricks was often used. But due to high thermal conductivity, creating reliable protection from frost using brickwork led to an unjustified increase in construction costs.
Today, this archaic method has been replaced by more effective technologies that use modern thermal insulation materials as thermal protection.
As a result, the creation of masonry with a thickness of more than 2 bricks in modern construction is considered ineffective. To calculate the required minimum thickness of the external walls of a building, use the following formula:
Knowing the thermal conductivity of a particular material, you can easily calculate the minimum required wall thickness, taking into account the heat-insulating layer. The indicator of the required thermal resistance for each region is given in the tables of the SNiP section “Building Climatology”.
The video below shows the features of brickwork.
How thick should a brick wall be?
Brick has been used for building construction for hundreds of years. And even despite the abundance of other materials, it does not lose its relevance among consumers to this day. And all thanks to the strength that is inherent in this material - during further operation, the wall will be able to withstand almost any load in the form of a roof, floors and ceilings. And it is precisely the thickness of the walls of a brick house that mainly affects the load-bearing capacity of the entire structure as a whole.
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Brick, compared to some other materials, has a number of undeniable advantages. These include: rather low thermal conductivity, frost resistance, bending and deformation strength, durability, sound insulation. But all these properties can be lost if the brick wall does not have the width required for specific conditions.
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Let's consider how thick a brick wall should be according to established standards.
Standard brickwork thicknesses
Whatever type of brick is used to construct the structure, determining the thickness of the wall is quite simple. According to established standards, this parameter must be a multiple of half its length, i.e. 12 cm.
But brick blocks produced in factories today can be of different sizes. In addition, builders, when working with materials, use various masonry schemes. This means that the walls will ultimately vary in width. Here is a table showing the thickness of a brick wall according to SNIP II-22-81, depending on the number of bricks used and the type of masonry:
Using the table, you can easily determine exactly what thickness the masonry has according to a particular pattern. For example, a wall laid with 1.5 bricks has a width of 38 cm, and with 2.5 bricks – 64 cm. And small discrepancies in the figures from those indicators that should be a multiple of 12 are due to the fact that there is a concrete layer between several layers of building blocks. cement layer.
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But there is also a minimum thickness of walls in a brick house, established by modern standards for stone and reinforced masonry structures - for a building height of up to 3 floors, the width of the brickwork should be at least 120-150 mm.
Standard brick wall thickness
What wall thickness is the most economically feasible?
According to many professional builders, a brick wall width of more than 38 cm is not economically feasible. Brick itself is a very durable material, and therefore, to strengthen the structure and improve its thermal insulation properties, it is sometimes more profitable to use some other additional measures rather than increasing the thickness of the wall. A heavy structure will only increase the load on the foundation. As a result, it turns out that the construction budget will increase significantly, since the foundation of the building will have to be strengthened.
A wall thickness of 2 bricks or more is quite large, so this masonry scheme is used mainly in the construction of large industrial facilities, where it is extremely important to give the structure maximum strength.
And in order to improve thermal engineering and insulation of brick buildings, the following methods are used today:
- Installation of a ventilated facade using siding, lumber or special panels.
- Insulation of walls using simple facing materials or applying a layer of plaster.
- To reduce the cost of building an individual house, lightweight block masonry is often used - like a well. This involves erecting 2 walls at a short distance from each other. In this case, the thickness of a half-brick wall is 12 cm, and the layer between 2 such walls will serve as a heat insulator. The diaphragms between the structures provide the building with the strength required by standards. The resulting cavity is filled with a certain heat insulator, for example, expanded clay or foam concrete.
- Insulation of the inside of the wall with heat-insulating material. In this case, the insulation must be covered with a vapor barrier layer.
Thickness of internal brick walls
Partitions inside the structure are designed to divide the entire area into separate rooms, sound and heat insulate the rooms. The optimal thickness of internal brick walls is 12 cm, i.e. here, as a rule, half-brick masonry is used. Walls of this size are quite enough for comfortable living here.
It is not uncommon practice for brick blocks to be laid “on edge”. This way you can get a whiter, thinner partition - 6.5 cm. At the same time, you can save a little on consumables. True, the heat and sound insulation of the rooms will leave much better.
To reduce mechanical loads on a 12 cm wide wall, porous or hollow silicate blocks are usually used. In the future, the walls are additionally insulated to improve their technical characteristics.
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Thickness of external brick walls
The minimum thickness of external brick walls, at which they will serve as a strong support and thermally insulate the interior, is 25 cm.
If you build a brick house with insufficient thickness of external wall structures, in winter at low temperatures the walls will begin to get wet. In this case, you will have to either additionally insulate the structure or thicken it. Both options involve extra financial costs.
Thickness of load-bearing brick walls
The purpose of load-bearing walls is to bear the entire weight of the roof, partitions and all upper floors. It is quite natural that they should be much stronger than other walls. The minimum thickness of a load-bearing brick wall is 38 cm.
Some internal partitions in a residential building are also load-bearing. In this case, laying 1 brick will be sufficient when the wall thickness is 25 cm. Such a structure will be able to withstand any loads from the roof and ceilings without deforming or cracking.
The only exception, when the internal load-bearing wall must be more than 25 cm, is the joining of floor slabs. Here, under the influence of external conditions, deformations will form that can lead to the collapse of the building.
How to calculate material consumption when constructing brick walls of various thicknesses?
The first question that the designer of a construction project decides is what is the optimal thickness of a brick wall needed in a particular case. When choosing a suitable masonry option, the specialist takes into account:
- Type, brand and size of brick.
- Weather conditions of the region.
- Loads that will fall on the walls.
The permissible wall thickness in a building erected in a cold region is 25 cm. This is a wall thickness of 1 brick. But without using an additional layer of insulation, the width of the outer wall will have to be increased to 38 or 51 cm.
Standard dimensions of ordinary bricks: length – 250 mm, width – 120 mm, height – 65 mm. We will carry out calculations using the example of a building with walls of 4 m and 3 m, a height of 3 m. The standard thickness of walls in a brick house will be 25 cm.
Knowing the basic geometric dimensions of the walls, let’s first calculate the total area of the surfaces to be built:
4*3+3*3+4*3+3*3=42 m 2
Now let’s find the area of 1 brick block. Since we are laying 1 brick, this parameter is calculated by multiplying the width by the height of the block:
0.12*0.065 = 0.0078 m2.
To determine the amount of material for the construction of walls, their total area must be divided by the area of 1 block and multiplied by the number of masonry:
42/0.0078*1≈5385 pcs.
Knowing that the weight of 1 m 3 of brick is about 1800 kg, you can easily calculate the number of bricks that will be required for the construction of a specific construction project:
5385/1800≈3 m3
So, the thickness of a brick wall according to GOST, depending on the climatic conditions of the region and the type of building, can be different. But having a drawing prepared by specialists with the main dimensions of the walls and a masonry diagram, you can calculate the consumption of the main material yourself. This will help significantly save costs during the work process, since you can immediately purchase brick blocks in the required quantity, avoiding excess material.
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It is important for builders to know what thickness of a brick wall according to GOST should be in a given case. Brick is one of the most common and familiar materials. Currently, houses and other permanent structures are being built quite often. The thickness of the brick wall itself can vary significantly depending on its purpose (fence, load-bearing wall, etc.). The most common thickness is 2 bricks, as it is highly reliable and stable. In addition, the construction of brick walls does not require a powerful and massive foundation.
In addition to these advantages, the material also has good thermal insulation properties. All these factors allow the material to maintain its leadership and remain popular in the construction of houses and outbuildings. There are different types of this material, which differ in properties and price. However, the quality of even the cheapest brick remains quite high, as do its strength characteristics. Next, we will consider what the thickness of a brick wall should be when constructing certain objects, as well as some technologies for constructing brick walls.
Selection of masonry type
In order for buildings to be strong and reliable, before starting construction it is important to take into account a number of factors in the project:
- First, the loads that will act on the masonry (wall) are calculated. Usually the calculation is carried out for a specific building.
- Climatic conditions also affect the strength and reliability of the structure. At the same time, the masonry of the load-bearing wall of the house must not only be strong, but also have thermal insulation characteristics.
- Appearance. Artificial stone materials usually look very attractive, which is why landscape designers often use them when designing objects.
The thickness is usually regulated by state standards. During construction, it is very important that the walls comply with GOST. At the moment, the construction of facilities is regulated by the following standards: GOST R 55338-2012 (Masonry and products for it) and GOST 2 4992-81 (Method for determining the adhesion strength in masonry). At the moment, the thickness can be in the range of 0.12-0.64 m.
The thinnest masonry is ½ brick, it is 0.12 m. This type of masonry is used for the construction of small fences (when delimiting an area) and interior partitions. The masonry of 1 brick has a thickness of 0.25 m. It is often used in the construction of fences, fences, sheds and other auxiliary buildings. The construction of 1.5-layer brick walls is quite common in the southern regions of the country. Their thickness is 0.38 m. More durable masonry - 2 ½ (0.51 m) and 2 bricks (0.64 m) - are designed for harsh climatic conditions.
At the same time, load-bearing walls for objects built in a temperate climate should have a thickness of 0.51-0.64 m. Often during construction they are additionally insulated using various natural and synthetic insulation materials.
For outbuildings and other auxiliary buildings, 0.38 m of masonry is usually sufficient. However, for the load-bearing wall of a residential building, a thickness of 0.51 m should be provided. In this case, it is allowed to reduce the thickness of each subsequent floor in a multi-story building. For example, for the first floor the wall should be 0.64 m, and for the 5th-6th floor the supporting structure can be made 0.51 m. In this case, the difference in thickness is hidden by thermal insulation.
For buildings up to 5 floors high, GOST recommends a minimum thickness of load-bearing structures of 2 bricks, and for commercial non-residential buildings (one-story) the recommended thickness of the structure is 1.5.
For walls located inside the building, the standard defines the following:
- load-bearing internal structures must have a minimum thickness of 0.25 m (1 brick);
- for dividing partitions (which are not subject to loads and serve as dividers), half-brick masonry is acceptable.
However, in order for a half-brick wall to be rigid, it must be reinforced with metal wire. This is a must.
Selection of material
At the moment, the industry produces single, one-and-a-half and double bricks. The dimensions of the standard (single) are 0.25 x 0.12 x 0.65 m. This standard was adopted in 1925 by the domestic standardization system. A little later, one-and-a-half and double standard sizes appeared - 0.25 x 0.12 x 0.88 m and 0.25 x 0.12 x 0.138 m, respectively. At the same time, one-and-a-half and double ones are more economical.
Thus, for a load-bearing structure of 2.5 bricks, it is economically beneficial to use double and single facing bricks. At the same time, they always try to make the cladding single: such masonry has a more aesthetic appearance. If only a single product is used for such masonry, you will have to pay about 30% more for the material.
One of the important functions of brick walls is thermal conductivity. Although this building material has a relatively high value, it is significantly lower than that of a number of other building materials. In this indicator, brick is significantly inferior to wood or foam concrete.
However, the thermal insulation properties can be significantly improved by using hollow versions of the cladding material. It is completely impossible to use hollow material for the construction of load-bearing structures; it is significantly inferior in strength to solid material.
Also, hollow materials cannot be used in the construction of foundations, bases, plinths, etc.
In conclusion: about the benefits and increased thermal insulation properties
Due to the low cost of materials such as brick, it is economically feasible to construct walls with a thickness of more than 0.38 m. In this case, the costs of materials and work can be reduced by at least 20%. However, the question of insulating the room often arises.
One of the insulation options is the use of masonry in the form of wells. To do this, a gap of about ½ brick is left between the rows of masonry, which can be filled with various insulation materials. It doesn’t have to be filled, then the air gap will act as insulation. However, filling this gap with foam concrete will significantly increase not only the insulating characteristics of the structure, but also its strength. This gap is often filled with expanded clay mixed with cement mortar.
When building houses, it should be remembered that brick is not recommended for use in seismic zones; during an earthquake, the masonry very quickly collapses to the ground.
The brick is made in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with the following dimensions:
The brick has 6 surfaces: 2 pokes, 2 spoons and 2 beds.
Designation of brickwork elements
To make this article more informative for you, you need to understand the simple terms inherent in brickwork, the definition of which is presented below.
Brick laying is done in horizontal rows. The bricks are laid on the mortar with a wide edge - a bed (there are methods of laying on a spoon).
Horizontal seam- seam between adjacent horizontal rows.
Vertical seam- a seam separating the side edges of adjacent bricks. There are transverse and longitudinal.
Inner mile- a row of brickwork that extends to the inner surface.
Front or outer mile- a row of masonry that faces the outer (facade) side.
Zabutka– rows located between the inner and outer versts.
Spoon row- a row of bricks that are laid with spoons to the surface of the wall, i.e. long edges.
Bond row- a row of bricks that are laid with butts to the surface of the wall, i.e. short edges.
Suture dressing system- a certain order of alternating spoon and butt rows.
Spoon masonry- masonry in which the brick is laid with a spoon outward in relation to the front surface of the wall.
Bonded masonry- masonry in which the brick is laid with the butt facing outwards in relation to the front side of the wall.
The width of the brickwork must be a multiple of an odd or even number of halves (1/2) of bricks.
Brick thickness
Depending on climatic conditions, purpose of the building and design loads, brickwork can be of the following thickness:
The thickness of the masonry = the total thickness of the bricks in the masonry + the thickness of the mortar between the bricks. Example of laying 2 bricks: 250 mm+10mm+250mm=510mm
When planning dimensions, the width of a vertical joint in brickwork is usually considered to be 10 mm, but in practice this number varies from 8 to 12 mm.
Quarter brick masonry (1/4) – 65 mm
Half-brick masonry (1/2) – 120 mm
Single brick laying – 250mm
Laying one and a half bricks (1.5) – 380mm (250+10+120mm)
Laying two bricks – 510 mm (250+10+250mm)
Laying two and a half bricks (2.5) – 640 mm (250+10+250+10+120mm)
Most often used in construction:
- single (ordinary, standard) brick, which has a height of 65 mm;
- thickened brick with a height of 88 mm.
When planning the size of a building, the height of a horizontal joint in brickwork is generally considered to be 12 mm, but in practice this number varies from 10 to 15 mm.
When electrically heating brickwork or reinforcing it, electrodes or a metal mesh are placed in the horizontal seams, respectively. In this case, the seam size should not be less than 12 mm.
Knowing what kind of brick (single or thickened) the structure is planned to be built from, you can easily calculate the height of the future structure:
| Number of rows of masonry | Structure height, mm | |
|---|---|---|
| single brick | made of thickened brick | |
1 row (height of 1 brick + |
77 (65+12) | 100 (88+12) |
2 rows (height 2 bricks + |
154 (65+12+65+12) | 200 (88+12+88+12) |
3 rows (height 3 bricks + |
231 (65+12+65+12+65+12) | 300 (88+12+88+12+88+12) |
4 rows (height 4 bricks + |
308 | 400 |
5 rows (height 5 bricks + |
385 | 500 |
6 rows (height 6 bricks + |
462 and further through 77 mm | 600 and then every 100 mm |
Height of 10 rows of thickened brick = Height of 13 rows of single brick = 1000 mm
In order not to calculate and reduce the sketch dimensions to the constructive ones each time, the designer uses a table of brickwork dimensions. www.site
Dressing systems
In order to combine rows of brickwork into a single strong monolithic structure, seam dressing systems are used. For theory, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic rules of bricklaying.
The following vertical seams are ligated:
- transverse,
- longitudinal.
The strength and reliability of brickwork largely depends on the quality of the ligation of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams.
The ligation of vertical longitudinal seams is carried out by laying bonded rows and helps to avoid longitudinal destruction of the masonry.
Ligament of vertical transverse seams is performed by alternating spoon and butt rows, and in adjacent rows it is necessary to move the bricks by a quarter or half. This dressing ensures: uniform distribution of the load on the nearest sections of the masonry and the longitudinal relationship of adjacent bricks, which in turn gives the brickwork solidity and strength under uneven temperature deformations and precipitation.
Suture dressing systems
The following suture dressing systems are most often used in construction:
- single-row or chain;
- multi-row;
- three-row.
Single row system (chain)
Single-row ligation of sutures is performed by sequential alternation of stitch and spoon rows in compliance with the following rules:
- The first (lower) and last (upper) rows are laid with pokes.
- Longitudinal seams in adjacent rows are shifted by 1/2 (half a brick) relative to each other, transverse seams by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
- The bricks of the overlying row must overlap the vertical joints of the underlying row.
With a single-row ligation during the laying process, a large number of incomplete bricks will be needed (most often 3/4), the cutting of which will entail not only labor costs, but also serious losses of bricks, which will ultimately lead to significant financial investments.
It must be remembered that the chain ligation system is the most labor-intensive, but despite this, it is also more durable and reliable.
Multi-row system
Multi-row dressing of seams is a brickwork laid out in spoon rows, which are tied in height every 5-6 rows with one butted row. With this dressing system, the following rules must be observed:
- The first, also known as the bottom row, is placed with pokes.
- Second row - spoons.
- The third, fourth, fifth and sixth - with spoons with ligation of the seams in 1/2 (half a brick). This is done regardless of the thickness of the wall.
- Along the width of the wall, the vertical longitudinal seams of the masonry of five rows do not need to be bandaged.
- The pokes of the seventh row overlap the seams of the sixth row of spoons by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
Advantages of a multi-row dressing system:
- there is no need for a large number of incomplete bricks;
- most productive;
- allows the use of brick halves for laying backfills;
- improves the thermal characteristics of the masonry (this occurs due to increased thermal resistance, located along the path of the heat flow, untied longitudinal seams of five rows).
Flaws:
- the third rule for cutting brickwork is not fully observed;
- strength is less than with single-row dressing;
- cannot be used when laying brick pillars due to incomplete ligation of longitudinal seams.
Three-row system
The three-row seam dressing system is used for bricklaying narrow walls and pillars, the width of which does not exceed 1 m.
Main types of suture dressing
Laying 1 brick (cross) - option 1
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
|
|
|
Laying 1 brick (cross) – option 2
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
1-brick multi-row masonry
Laying 1.5 bricks option 1
View from the facade  |
Dressing sutures
|
View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry  |
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Masonry of 1.5 bricks. Option 2
| View from the facade
|
Dressing sutures
|
| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
|
Laying 2 bricks
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Laying 2.5 bricks
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Masonry methods
Internal and external versts are laid in the following ways:
- end to end,
- end-to-end with cutting the mortar,
- press it.
The zabutka is placed in a half-stuffed position.
The choice of a specific method depends on:
- season,
- requirements for the cleanliness of the outer surface of the masonry,
- the state of the brick itself (wet or dry),
- plasticity of the solution.
Masonry technology
Before starting brickwork on the plinth, it is necessary to insulate it. To do this, a layer of roofing felt or other insulating material is laid around the perimeter of the masonry under the brick.
Using a level, several rows of bricks are laid in the corners of the plinth. The orders are attached to the corners using staples. The distance between the divisions in the order is 77 mm (65 mm height of a single brick + 12 mm height of the mortar). According to established procedures, mooring cords are pulled, which help maintain the straightness and horizontality of the erected rows of brickwork. It is advisable to place the cord every 5 m to prevent it from sagging (if the mooring is stretched by 10 m, then after 5 m a beacon is made in the form of bricks to tension the cord). The mooring cord for the external walls is attached in order, and for the internal walls with the help of brackets.
Using a trowel, a mortar is placed on the brick, the thickness is 30 mm and the distance from the outer part of the wall is 20 mm. The first row of brickwork is bonded. The brick is laid using the “press” or “butt” method.
The end-to-end method
Using the “end-to-end” method, the brick is laid on a plastic mortar (cone draft 12-13 cm).
The sequence of actions when laying bricks “back to back”:
- At first:
- take the brick in your hands and tilt it a little,
- rake a little of the spread mortar onto the brick with the edge (with a spoon - for the butt row, with a poke - for the spoon row),
- move the brick with the raked mortar towards the brick that was laid earlier.
- Then the brick is laid on the mortar.
Press method
Using the “press” method, the brick is laid on a rigid mortar (cone draft 7...9 cm) with mandatory jointing and full filling of the seams.
The sequence of actions when laying bricks “pressed”:
- A portion of the mortar is raked and pressed against the vertical edge of the previously laid brick with a trowel.
- Then they lay a new brick, making sure to press it against the trowel.
- With a sharp upward movement, remove the trowel.
- They lay down the brick.
Joining seams
To obtain sufficient compaction of the mortar in the seams, as well as to give the brickwork a clear pattern on the outside, jointing is used. In this case, brick laying is carried out with cutting the mortar. When stitching, the seams are given the following shapes:
- triangular,
- concave,
- convex,
- rectangular,
- rounded.
For example, to obtain convex seams, concave joints are used.
To obtain better quality seams and reduce labor costs, the seams of the brickwork are unstitched until the mortar sets, following the following sequence:
- use a brush or rag to wipe the surface of the brickwork from mortar splashes adhering to it;
- embroider vertical seams (3-4 spoons or 6-8 stitches);
- unstitch the horizontal seams.
If in the future you plan to plaster the walls, then the bricklaying must be done empty, i.e. Do not bring the solution 10-15 mm to the wall surface. This method will allow the plaster to firmly adhere to the wall surface. © www.site
Undercut  |
Vpushoshovku  |
Convex seam  |
Concave seam  |
Single cut seam  |
Double cut seam  |
Masonry reinforcement
Today, classic brick is one of the most expensive wall materials. However, it and its enlarged variety - ceramic blocks - are in demand not only in the upper, but also in the middle segment of private construction. Brick houses are considered the most durable and comfortable from an environmental point of view. In addition, there are ways to reduce the cost of building a house from this material. However, many private developers working in the “middle segment” prefer to build not brick houses in the economy version, but use cheaper gas blocks. Moreover, the thesis about its less durability and environmental friendliness is not accepted by everyone.
In addition to classic bricks (solid or hollow), large-sized ceramic stones are increasingly being used today in the construction of private houses. To reduce weight and improve thermal insulation properties, they are permeated with a large number of air channels. This building material is called large-format porous blocks.
You can build a cottage from regular or large-format bricks in one of six ways:
1. One and a half bricks plus insulation
Classic brick is used as a wall material more often than its large variety - porous ceramic blocks. The reason for the popularity of the “old” material is its relatively low price (see), as well as the fact that ordinary brick can be used to build walls of any thickness with any insulation option. Private developers are actively using this.
Oksana Kosinova
In the conditions of the Urals, in order to meet thermal characteristics, a wall made of solid brick must have a thickness of 1.9 meters. Of course, no one builds like that. One of the common options is a wall of one and a half bricks (38 cm) with insulation on the outside of 10-15 cm of expanded polystyrene, or better yet, with a high-stiffness slab (PPZh), so that the house “breathes”. Plaster on top of the insulation. You can use both solid and hollow bricks.
You can apply plaster on top of the insulation or install a cladding - a layer of facing brick or a curtain wall (porcelain tiles, natural stone, etc.).
2. One brick wall with reinforcement
Table 1 Cost per square meter of wall made of different materials (rub.)
The price per square meter of wall is calculated taking into account the cost of the foundation and reinforcing belt. But without taking into account the roof.
| Efficient brick 38 cm + insulation 15 cm + plaster | Efficient brick 38 cm + insulation 10 cm + facing brick | Large format porous block 51 cm + plaster | Large format porous block 44 cm + warm plaster | Autoclaved gas block 30 cm + insulation 10 cm + plaster | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cost of bricks/blocks | 1810 | 1810 | 3890 | 3360 | 1050 |
| Masonry (work and consumables) | 990 | 990 | 880 | 900–950 | 390 |
| Insulation | 240–360 | 160–240 | - | - | 160–240 |
| Installation of insulation | 180-350 | 180-350 | – | – | 180–350 |
| Plaster (with materials) | 600–800 | - | 600–800 | 750–1050 | 600–800 |
| Brick cladding (work and materials) | - | 1800–2800 | – | – | – |
| The cost of the armored belt (in terms of sq. m. of wall) | - | - | - | - | 500 |
| The cost of the foundation (in terms of sq. m. walls) | 800 | 1210 | 1000 | 860 | 630 |
| Total | 4600–5100* | 6200–7400 | 6400–6600 | 5900–6200 | 3500–4000 |
| For reference, the total cost of the foundation under the external walls | 160 000 | 243 000 | 200 000 | 173 000 | 127 000 |
Explanations for the table
The calculation is given for an “average” cottage of 10x10 m with a second attic floor. The total area of the external walls is about 200 sq. m. When building such a house from aerated blocks, a reinforcing belt between floors will be required. Its cost is approximately 100 thousand rubles. Brick houses can be made without an armored belt. For all house options, a single foundation model has been adopted - a strip foundation with a depth of 50 cm and a base height of 50 cm. The width of the foundation strip corresponds to the width of the brickwork. In the case of brick cladding, the width of the tape increases by the thickness of the insulation, the ventilation gap (3–5 cm) and the width of the facing brick (12 cm). The foundation under internal load-bearing walls is not taken into account in the table.
The cost of a brick is assumed to be 16 rubles. per piece or 6.1 thousand rubles. per cubic meter. The cost of porous blocks (Braer or Porotherm) is 8.2 thousand rubles. per cubic meter, gas blocks - 3.5 thousand. All prices are given including delivery (Ekaterinburg and the immediate surroundings). A cubic meter of finished brickwork consists of 23% mortar. In masonry made from large-format blocks, there is three times less mortar (7%). The cost of masonry mortar is 3.5 thousand rubles. per cubic meter
The thickness of the masonry of one and a half bricks is 38 cm. This option is discussed in the first two columns. When calculating the cost of bricklaying work, the average prices for bricklaying in force in Yekaterinburg in March-April 2015 were adopted, namely 1800 rubles. per cubic meter of brick. In general, the range of prices for such work during the specified period is 700–3000 rubles. per cubic meter The cost of laying large-format blocks is accepted - 1500 rubles, aerated blocks - 1200 rubles. per cubic meter.
To calculate the cost of a square of brick cladding, the cost of facing brick is 16–20 rubles. per piece (plus a small difference in the cost of work).
* If you do the masonry in one brick (with reinforcement in the corners, as Oksana Kosinova advises), then the cost of a square wall of a house in the plastered version can be reduced to 4100–4600 rubles.