The design of a temporary road is selected depending on several factors:
Duration of construction;
Carrying capacity of vehicles and traffic intensity;
Hydrogeological conditions of the work area;
Seasons.
Depending on these factors, temporary roads can be: unpaved; ground with reinforced coating; with a hard surface, including prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs.
Dirt roads are constructed under favorable hydrogeological conditions (on soils of category IV and higher) and during construction in winter in conditions of soil freezing. The transverse terrain of the road is profiled with a slope of 5-6 o from the center to the sides using a motor grader.
Paved roads are installed when construction lasts more than one year or under unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. They are usually made from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs laid on an underlying layer of sand 15-25 cm thick. As a rule, road slabs can withstand three to four times turnover, which is greatly facilitated by laying the slabs on a leveled underlying layer and fastening them together by welding or wire twists.
Figure 6 – Classification of temporary road structures
Natural dirt roads
They are installed with low traffic intensity (up to 3 vehicles per hour in one direction) in favorable soil and hydrogeological conditions. Profiling of the roadway is carried out to drain water during precipitation and melting snow.
Figure 7 – Design of a dirt profiled road
Dirt improved roads
If they experience heavy loads (up to 60 kN per axle) or are in less favorable conditions, they are strengthened with crushed stone, gravel, slag, tar or bitumen binder, and compacted with a roller.
Without the use of binder
gravel roads
Coverings made from crushed stone and gravel optimal mixtures are used for roads of categories III - IV with a subgrade made of sandy-clayey or sandy soils and in the presence of gravel or crushed stone materials in the construction area. Crushed stone and gravel coverings are arranged in a crescent-shaped profile over the entire width of the subgrade.
For the construction of gravel coverings, quarry gravel material or artificially composed mixtures are used, the optimal compositions of which are given in Table. 3.
Gravel coverings on the subgrade are arranged in two or three layers, depending on the estimated thickness of the covering. The thickness of individual layers is assumed to be 15 - 20 cm.
Table 3 - Optimal mixture composition for gravel roads
For the construction of crushed stone coverings, natural or artificial crushed stone is used. Crushed stone of fractions 70 - 150 and 40 - 70 mm is used for the bottom layer, and only crushed stone of fractions 40 - 70 mm is placed in the top layer. To form the top dense layer and fill the pores, small fractions are used: 5 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 40 mm. Their quantity should be 10 - 15% of the volume of crushed stone in the coating. The layers are evenly distributed with a bulldozer or motor grader across the entire width of the roadway and compacted from the edge of the roadbed to the axis of the road.
Figure 8 – Gravel road design
Schemes of movement of vehicles and mechanisms.
To perform transport and loading and unloading operations, movement of construction vehicles performing various construction processes, their movement patterns and temporary roads are designed.
There are temporary motor roads and roads for self-propelled construction cranes. In some cases, their purpose is the same.
The basic layout of temporary roads at the construction site, created during the preparatory period, is maintained until the end of the final cycle of the main period, when new roads appear, made according to the permanent layout of the building design.
At certain stages of work, separate branches can be installed for access to new sites - warehouses, installed equipment, lifts, etc.
Changes are reflected in the construction plan or technical plan. maps (schemes)
production of certain types of work.
Entrances and exits to the construction site from main roads are provided according to the scheme of permanent roads.
Roads according to the temporary road scheme are built at the expense of the cost of construction and installation work (to the detriment of cost), therefore their length, location, width, design, materials used, and the possibility of reuse are the most important components in determining the minimum costs.
The nature of the location of temporary roads is determined by the planning and design solutions of buildings. See rec. 8.17
When constructing one-story buildings, temporary roads are installed on one side of the building, on both sides and around the building
If the width of the building under construction is up to 18 m, it is advisable to provide a road on one side, therefore, it can be a dead end.
A turning area of at least 12×12 m or a loop is provided here.
For larger sides of the building (more than 100 m), ring roads are built, and if the building is located on both sides, for intermediate values of the building width.
During the construction of industrial buildings, in addition to general site roads, roads are constructed along the spans inside the building
The width of roads depends on the intensity of cargo flows, directions of movement (number of lanes)
Single sided – 3.5 m
Double-sided – 6 m
They can have a widening of at least 3 m for travel and unloading of materials and structures. The length of such sections is from 15 to 45 m
The curvature radii of temporary roads are accepted for vehicles without trailers - 9 m, with trailers - from 12 to 18 m.
For the transport of some tower cranes, the turning radii of these roads can be even larger.
The distance from the road to the fence or warehouses is taken to be at least 1.5 m.
Unloading areas for vehicles are located in the area served by a crane.
Temporary on-site roads can be dirt, crushed stone or precast concrete slabs (solid or rutted). The choice of type depends on the characteristics of the soil at the construction site. Dirt roads are made in dense soils and, if necessary, are compacted with crushed stone. On weaker soils, roads are made of crushed stone, and on weak-bearing soils, roads are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. Track-type roads are made with a gauge width of at least 0.6 m
Let's consider temporary roads for vehicles made of reinforced concrete slabs
Dead-end road with a turning area
Widening the road for parking
Turning patterns from slabs 6× 1.75 m and 3× 1.75
Figure - Types of temporary roads:
A - soil, B - crushed stone, C - solid made of reinforced concrete slabs, D - track made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, 1 - crushed stone, 2 - precast reinforced concrete slabs
In order to reduce the costs of temporary structures, when developing a construction plan, if possible, temporary dirt and crushed stone roads should be located in the areas of designed permanent roads.
Initial data for designing temporary roads for self-propelled vehicles
jib cranes are:
Crane movement diagram
· Crane type
Loads created by a crane
· Technical (laboratory) conclusions about soils under the road
· Technical characteristics of precast concrete slabs or other products (materials) that are used as road bases
· Period of the year
Duration of operation
The design of temporary roads for construction cranes is determined by calculating the bearing capacity of soils. For cranes for automobiles, pneumatic tires and special applications. The chassis determines the amount of stress in the soil under the crane's outrigger, which is compared with that allowed for the soil of a given road.
When the lifting capacity of self-propelled jib cranes is 50 tons or more, it is necessary to check by calculation not only the bearing capacity of the soil, but also the calculation of precast reinforced concrete slabs for bending, because the load on each support can exceed 800 kN.
To check the bearing capacity of the soil under the crane tracks, a design diagram is adopted when installation is carried out with the boom located across the crane tracks.
On the construction plan it is written -
· Road diagram indicating dimensions, turning radii, direction of movement, entry and exit, type of surface, places for cleaning and washing wheels, location of installation of the traffic diagram.
Roads at a construction site require daily cleaning, and before each trip to permanent roads, vehicles require not only cleaning, but also washing.
The rules for protecting the natural environment after washing dirty water before it is discharged into drains must be cleared.
To solve these problems, at the exit from the construction site, vehicles are washed at specially built sites with wastewater treatment facilities.
Treatment facilities for car washing use two types - underground - made of reinforced concrete
And aboveground - metal
A stand with a traffic diagram is placed at the entrance to the construction site. The board shows a construction site plan with
Damaged by buildings under construction, open and closed warehouses, temporary and permanent roads, traffic directions, fire hydrants, etc.
Active and temporary
underground, overhead and overhead networks and communications
Existing utility networks are identified on the general plug and geo-base of the construction site. They are considered in two aspects:
shifted and remaining at the construction site for the entire main period of construction of the building or until the completion of construction of the engineering structures that replace them, after which they are dismantled.
The relaying of permanent utility networks is carried out during the preparatory period, therefore they are shown only on the construction plan of the preparatory period.
Since existing underground communications influence the adoption of certain decisions when designing work technology, it is necessary to take them into account when drawing up
· Road design schemes
· Rail track design
· Roads for self-propelled jib cranes, etc.
Operation of lifting machines in the security zone of power lines
A great limitation is exerted by overhead power lines, which impose strict restrictions on the technology of work due to the formation of zones of constantly operating hazardous production factors. The dimensions of these zones depend on the voltage in the power line and range from 1.5 – 9 m in each direction from the wires
7.1. Construction and installation work using lifting machines in the security zone of an existing power line with a voltage of more than 42 volts should be carried out under the direct supervision of the person responsible for the safe performance of work with lifting machines, with written permission from the organization that owns the line and a work permit (Appendix 2) for performance of work in places where hazardous or harmful factors are present, issued to the immediate supervisor of the work, and a permit (Appendix 3) for the performance of work with lifting machines near an overhead power line, issued to the crane operator (operator, driver). When installing lifting machines in the security zone of an overhead power line, it is necessary to remove the voltage from the overhead power line.
7.2. The security zone along the overhead power line in accordance with GOST 12.1.051-90 is established in the form of an air space above the ground, limited by parallel vertical planes spaced on both sides of the line at a horizontal distance from the outer wires specified in Table 4 and shown in Figure 28.
Table 4 - Security zones along overhead power lines
| Distance, m | ||
| minimum | ||
| Up to 1 | 1,5 | 1,5 |
| Over 1 to 20 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Over 20 to 35 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Over 35 to 110 | 3,0 | 4,0 |
| Over 110 to 220 | 4,0 | 5,0 |
| Over 220 to 400 | 5,0 | 7,0 |
| Over 400 to 750 | 9,0 | 10,0 |
| Over 750 to 1150 | 10,0 | 11,0 |
A section of the dangerous zone of a power line, in which the operation of lifting machines is prohibited, but the movement of a crane across a power line is allowed.
A section of the dangerous zone of power lines, in which the operation of lifting machines and the presence of people and crane structures when moving without turning off the voltage is prohibited in all cases.
Boundary of the power transmission line security zone (see Table 4);
Boundary of the danger zone of power lines (see Table 5).
Figure 28 - Operation of cranes in the security zone of power lines
Table 5 - Boundaries of hazardous areas
| Voltage, kV | Distance from people, tools, devices and temporary fences they use, m | Distances from mechanisms and lifting machines in working and transport positions, from slings, lifting devices and loads, m | |
| Up to 1 | On overhead lines | 0,6 | 1,0 |
| In other electrical installations | Not standardized (no touching) | 1,0 | |
| 1-35 | 0,6 | 1,0 | |
| 60, 110 | 1,0 | 1,5 | |
| 1,5 | 2,0 | ||
| 2,0 | 2,5 | ||
| 2,5 | 3,5 | ||
| 400, 500 | 3,5 | 4,5 | |
| 5,0 | 6,0 | ||
| 800 (DC) | 3,5 | 4,5 | |
| 8,0 | 10,0 |
7.3. The security zone along underground cable power lines is established in the form of a plot of land limited by parallel vertical planes located on both sides of the line at a horizontal distance of 1 m from the outer cables.
7.4. The dangerous zone along an overhead power line, in which there is a danger of electric shock, is the space enclosed between the vertical planes spaced from the outermost live wires at an appropriate distance. The boundaries of hazardous areas within which there is a danger of electric shock are established by SNiP 12-03-2001 (Appendix 4) in the dimensions indicated in Table 5.
7.5. If it is justifiably impossible to relieve the voltage from an overhead power line, the work of construction machines in the security zone of the power line is permitted provided that the following requirements are met:
a) the distance from the lifting or retractable part of the construction machine in any position to the nearest wire of a live overhead power line must be no less than that specified in Table 6.
b) machine bodies, with the exception of tracked vehicles, are grounded using the inventory portable grounding.
Table 6 - Permissible distances when operating machines in the security zone of energized power lines
| Overhead line voltage, kV | Distance, m | |
| minimum | minimally measurable by technical means | |
| Up to 1 | 1,5 | 1,5 |
| Over 1 to 20 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Over 20 to 35 | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Over 35 to 110 | 3,0 | 4,0 |
| Over 110 to 220 | 4,0 | 5,0 |
| Over 220 to 400 | 5,0 | 7,0 |
| Over 400 to 750 | 9,0 | 10,0 |
| Over 750 to 1150 | 10,0 | 11,0 |
7.6. To perform work in areas of hazardous production factors, the occurrence of which is not related to the nature of the work performed, a permit is issued in accordance with the form of Appendix 2.
The work permit is issued to the immediate supervisor of the work (foreman, foreman, etc.) by a person authorized by order of the head of the organization. Before starting work, the work manager is obliged to familiarize workers with work safety measures and issue instructions and write them down in the work permit.
7.7. When carrying out work in the security zone of a power transmission line or within the boundaries of breaks established by the rules for the protection of high-voltage electrical networks, a work permit can be issued only with the permission of the organization operating the power line.
7.8. Work carried out by lifting machines at a distance of less than 30 m from their lifting sliding part in any position, as well as from the load to the vertical plane formed by the projection onto the ground of the nearest wire of an overhead power line energized by more than 42 V, is carried out according to work permits in accordance with Appendix B, issued to the crane operator (operator, driver) and defining safe working conditions.
7.9. The operating conditions for lifting machines in the security zone of power lines or closer than 30 m from the outermost wires are developed in the PPR. An application for crane operation in the security zone of a power line is submitted no less than 12 days before the start of work to the owner of the power line.
The installation of cranes moving along rail tracks in the security zone of overhead power lines is agreed upon with the owner of the line. The permit for such an installation for construction and installation work is stored together with the work project.
7.10. The operation of jib cranes and manipulator cranes under non-disconnected contact wires of urban transport can be carried out provided that the distance between the crane boom and the contact wires is maintained at least 1 m when installing a limiter (stop) that does not allow reducing the specified distance when lifting and moving the boom.
7.11. The work of lifting machines near power lines is carried out under the direct supervision of the person responsible for the safe performance of work by lifting machines, who indicates to the crane operator (operator, driver) the installation location of the lifting machine and to make an entry in the logbook about the permission of the work: “Installation of the crane (manipulator crane, lift) in the place indicated by me, I authorize the work" and sign and date it.*
Safety fences must be installed along the boundaries of the danger zone.
Temporary networks and communications may change at different stages of building construction. However, inputs, outputs, main lines are constant.
When designing temporary networks, it is necessary to calculate their power based on maximum flow. In this case, the connection of temporary networks to permanent ones is carried out taking into account the available capacity for construction and the location of tie-in points.
On the construction plan they put:
· Permanent and temporary networks
· Power lines and hazardous areas from their influence
· Temporary engineering structures.
Placement of permanent, under construction and temporary buildings and structures, storage areas and enlarged assembly of structures
The placement of permanent and under construction buildings and structures on the construction plan is carried out according to the general plan of the facility with a preliminary clarification of the situation at the site of the future construction site. Temporary buildings and structures are selected based on the calculation results.
The territory within the boundaries of the site allocated for construction is divided into several zones:
· Area of production of main types of construction work
· Area for performing auxiliary processes (loading and unloading operations, assembly work, concrete preparation, etc.
· Areas for storage of products and materials, pre-assembly
· Area of administrative and sanitary premises
When designing the locations of sites and premises for storing materials and structures, enlarged assembly of structures, it is necessary to take into account:
Closed temporary buildings (warehouses, workshops) are located outside the boundaries of hazardous areas and must have vehicle access
Open areas for storing products and materials are designed in areas where cranes operate, outside areas with constantly operating hazardous production factors, and the dangerous zone where objects fly off when falling from a building.
In this case, it is necessary to take into account the technical characteristics of load-lifting cranes from the point of view of the possibility of lifting (unloading) products at a maximum distance on the site
Sites for the enlarged assembly of structures are located outside the range of the main assembly crane.
Platforms for the installation of tower cranes must have minimum dimensions determined by calculation based on technical characteristics.
Technological diagram for unloading reinforced concrete elements with a self-propelled jib crane and conditions for their storage
1-tap; 2-motor transport; 3-pyramids for wall panels; 4-place storage of slabs, floors; 5 - temporary road; 6 - road widening
In the diagram: the crane location area is located on a special site adjacent to the temporary road, which allows the vehicle to be positioned and the required boom reach to be ensured.
Storage of structures should be carried out within the reach of the tower crane, with more massive structures located closer to the axis of the crane.
The warehouse area is provided with passages in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
Storage areas must have a hard surface, minimal slopes (for water drainage), and be non-flooding, for which purpose ditches are installed along the perimeter. They are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs on a layer of sand or have a sand and gravel base.
A building under construction is shown as its outline with the main axes and axes defining its configuration and the required dimensions between them
Permanent and temporary buildings are depicted in the form of their outlines.
The platforms additionally have inscriptions according to their purpose and overall dimensions.
The construction plan shows the movement patterns of workers in the form of pedestrian zones:
Entrance to the construction site (checkpoint)
To the sanitary camp (dressing rooms)
To workplaces
In warehouses, etc.
To lift people to the floors, staircases are used, the construction of which should not lag behind the construction of other structures of the floor (tier) of the building.
At a height of more than 25 m, passenger-and-freight lifts are used to lift workers (at the rate of one per one to two sections of the house)
Pedestrian paths are made of gravel-sand mixture or prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. For slopes greater than 20°, pedestrian paths are equipped with ladders or stairs with guardrails
Ensuring cleanliness in workplaces and aisles is an indispensable condition for production culture and worker productivity.
Construction waste is removed in two ways:
· It is lowered through closed chutes into waste bins, under which, after a certain time, vehicles are supplied and the waste is removed
· Using cranes (lifts), garbage collected in containers from the floors is lowered to specially designated areas
In the sanitary and household zone, places are provided for installing containers for collecting household waste.
The construction plan shows the installation locations of waste bins and containers, indicating their dimensions and location.
The placement of sources and means of power supply and lighting of the construction site, the location of grounding loops are indicated on the construction plan in the form of diagrams (according to calculations)
The minimum volume of temporary power supply for the construction of a building is taken according to the calculation of the required electrical power
and determining the type of transformer, starting devices, sections, lengths and grades of wires, arrangement of electrical equipment on the construction plan
For electrical safety purposes, all metal parts of electrical equipment must be grounded (tower cranes, hoists, switchgears, etc.)
Grounding devices are most often performed along contours. The construction plan shows the contours of the grounding rods, their sizes, the distance between them, connecting conductors, jumpers between the rails of crane tracks, etc.
To ensure the accuracy of the geometric parameters of the buildings under construction, a geodetic alignment base is created at the construction site in the form of a alignment network with offset along the contour of the main axes of the building.
When constructing groups of buildings, they show the locations of the planning and elevation signs.
During the construction of individual buildings, only signs for securing the main axes of the building are shown on the construction plan - at least 4 for each axis. Signs of the high-rise alignment base are combined with the planned base and located at a distance of at least 1.5H (height) of the building.
4.10. Axial signs should generally be shown at a distance of 15 - 30 m from the building outline.
The shortest distance allowed is 3 m from the edge of the pit, the boundary of the soil collapse prism; the largest is one and a half height of a building, structure, but not more than 50 m.
The distance between axial marks securing intermediate transverse axes can reach 50 - 100 m.
When fixing the alignment axes of tunnels, overpasses, and retaining walls of considerable length, intermediate signs should also be shown on the longitudinal axes every 50–100 m.
An example with forced limitation of the service area is given in Figure 27. The diagram shows the limitation of the service area by a crane using forced limitation of the boom rotation angle in cramped conditions.
1 - boundary of the crane service area; 2 - boundary of the zone dangerous for people during movement, installation and fastening of elements and structures; 3 - line limiting the crane service area; 4 - warning line about limiting the service area of the crane; 5 - boundary of the danger zone from the building under construction; 6 - platform for receiving mortar and concrete mixture; 7 - location of the control load; 8 - space for storing removable load-handling devices and containers; 9 - construction waste collection site; 10 - parking area for vehicles under unloading; 11 - platform for tilting columns; 12 - stand with sling diagrams and a table of load masses; 13 - crane power supply cabinet; 14 - grounding of rail crane tracks; 15 - connecting conductors; 16 - pedestrian paths; 17 - entrance to the construction site; 18 - departure from the construction site; 19 - direction of transport; 20 - temporary road; 21 - storage area for materials and structures; 22 - fencing of rail crane tracks; 23 - temporary wooden fence; 24 - temporary picket fence; 25 - sign No. 2 limiting the crane service area; 26 - sign warning about the operation of the crane; 27 - vehicle wheel washing point) in the area between the outermost crane stops on the rail crane track according to Figure 12.
1 - construction site fencing; 2 - boundary of the danger zone near a building under construction; 3 - boundary of the zone dangerous for people during movement, installation and fastening of elements and structures*; 4 - boundary of the crane service area; 5 - tower crane; 6 - sanitary facilities.
________________
* - the boundary of the dangerous zone is determined in accordance with clause 5.4 of these “Instructions...”.
The symbols used in the figures are presented in Appendix G.
Figure 12 - Zone boundaries when operating tower cranes
5.3. The boundaries of the service areas of jib cranes and loader cranes are determined by the maximum reach () according to Figure 13.
1 - construction site fencing; 2 - boundary of the danger zone near a building under construction; 3 - boundary of the zone dangerous for people while moving, installing and securing elements and structures in one parking lot*; 4 - the same, taking into account all parking lots; 5 - boundary of the crane service area; 6 - jib crane.
________________
* - the boundary of the dangerous zone is determined in accordance with clause 5.4. these "Instructions...".
Figure 13 - Zone boundaries when operating a jib crane (manipulator crane)
Construction site power supply and outdoor lighting
Energy supply to the construction site is carried out in accordance with the construction organization project from the source specified in the approval for the development of project documentation. As a rule, this is the closest transformer substation. If necessary, due to lack of power, reconstruction of the substation is provided.
All work related to providing the facility under construction with electricity is carried out during the preparatory period. A distribution board is installed at the construction site at the point indicated on the construction plan.
Lighting of the construction site is carried out from the installed distribution board. External lighting lamps or Injectors are used as lamps, installed in places that prevent them from being damaged during construction and installation work.
The illumination of the construction site must comply with approved standards.
Temporary water supply and sanitation
Temporary water supply is provided from the source provided for in the construction organization project, agreed upon at the design stage with the owner of the existing water supply network. The temporary water supply is inserted into a pipe running inside the well with the installation of a shut-off valve and a water flow meter - a water meter.
In cases where the existing pipeline does not provide additional flow, it is necessary to replace the pipes with a larger diameter.
If the facility under construction is located at a significant distance from the existing water supply network, water from a drilled well can be used for the period of work. In exceptional cases, for small volumes of work, the use of imported water is allowed.
The water drainage required during the operation of domestic premises can be carried out into the existing sewerage system passing near the construction site. If there is no such drainage system, it can be organized into a cesspool.
Currently, dry toilets are widely used, the number of which on the site is determined depending on the maximum number of workers per shift.
Technological maps for performing certain types of work
The technical map is an integral part of the organizational and technological documentation for the construction of buildings and should form an independent section of the production project.
Main sections
1. Scope of application (description of production methods)
2. Material and technical resources:
Need for material resources
Need for technical resources
Selecting an assembly crane based on technical and economic indicators
3 Hourly (or shift) schedule for installation of typical cells
4 Calculation of labor costs and machine time
5 Technology and organization of the complex installation process
6 Quality requirements. Operational quality control of work
7 Safety precautions
8 Technical and economic indicators according to the technological map
Technological maps are developed by type of work for construction processes, as a result of which completed structural elements are created, as well as parts of buildings, etc.
The construction of a temporary road is the most common problem that arises before starting in a new area. A temporary road is the cheapest construction option. Service life is short. Most often, such roads are built for several months.
Everyone knows that a major road can only be started when all the land plots on your street are completely built up. Otherwise, heavy equipment passing by will simply destroy it. It is for this reason that there is a need to develop temporary roads, especially if you are one of the first to start building up your land.
In order to begin construction work on a land plot, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of access of construction equipment and trucks with construction materials to the site. In this case, there is no need to make the road smooth. The main requirement is a solid foundation.
What to make a temporary road from?
A solid road base can be made by filling the road with different materials. But the concept of a temporary road implies that the material for filling should be the cheapest.
Let's take a closer look at what material can be used to fill a temporary road:
A few tips to help improve the quality of a temporary road
- If you dig a small ditch along the road, then such a road will last much longer. All the water will flow into this ditch. Therefore, if a temporary road needs to be made for a long period, then the presence of a ditch will be a mandatory requirement.
- To extend the life of a temporary road, you can make a bedding layer of sand as the bottom layer. A sand cushion under the hard base will prevent the soil from being sucked into the hard base.
- Most often, after filling with various wastes, it is very difficult to drive a passenger car on such a road. But such a road can be made smoother. To do this, it is necessary to pour a layer of crushed stone or screenings on top of the solid waste. Such a road will be more suitable for a passenger car to travel along it.
- You should not start arrangement at the end of the construction season in the fall or early winter. After winter, such a road may disappear along with the snow. The best time to build a temporary road is in the spring. This must be done after all the snow has melted and the soil has dried out a little.
- During the rainy season, it is better to refrain from delivering construction materials and special equipment to the site. In one rainy day, you can “bury” a temporary road if you drive over it several times with heavy equipment.
What equipment is used in the construction of temporary roads?
When constructing temporary roads, you cannot do without dump trucks. Delivery of materials for backfilling is carried out by dump trucks of various carrying capacities. It all depends on the possibility of access of large, large dump trucks. Leveling of the dumped material is done using a backhoe loader. Using the same backhoe loader, trenches are also dug to drain water.
As you can see, for construction it will be enough just one backhoe loader and several dump trucks. However, in this case, it is most difficult to organize all the work.
The ideal mechanism for arranging a temporary road would look like this.
- The dump truck arrives and unloads material at the beginning of the future road.
- While the backhoe loader is leveling all this on a small section of the road, another dump truck must load and arrive. Each new vehicle carrying material for road filling must drive along an already filled road. Such a road will be of the highest quality, since it will already be rolled by dump trucks. In this case, the difficulty lies in the correct selection of the number of dump trucks per backhoe loader. With the correct selection of special equipment, you can minimize the downtime of this equipment.
Our company is engaged in the construction of all types of roads. We have a lot of experience in this area. We always have a large amount of necessary special equipment in stock that can be rented. In addition to arranging temporary roads, we are engaged in various construction and road works, as well as. Therefore, we can not only organize the work process, but also find construction waste or road waste. Thus, you can place the construction of a high-quality temporary road entirely on our shoulders. You will be pleasantly surprised by the high-quality results and low cost.
At construction sites, normal and narrow gauge roads and railways are used as temporary roads. The construction of temporary railways is carried out by specialized organizations; the construction of highways is carried out, as a rule, by general construction organizations.
When routing roads, it is necessary to ensure transport access to the operating area of cranes, lifts, warehouses, pre-assembly sites, workshops, mechanized installations, etc. It is necessary to make maximum use of existing and planned roads.
Temporary roads should be designed in accordance with SNiP 12-03-2001. The main parameters of temporary roads include: number of traffic lanes, width of the roadbed and roadway, curvature radii, estimated visibility, maximum longitudinal slope. All these parameters are determined in accordance with the requirements of SNiP.
Areas of the road located within the area of installation or movement of cargo are dangerous. On the construction plan, these sections of roads are highlighted with double shading, and during the construction process measures are taken to ensure the safety of people and vehicles located within the dangerous zones. Additional conditions that ensure traffic safety on a construction site include speed limits, entry bans and other conditions regulated by traffic rules and agreed upon with the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
When determining the design of the pavement of temporary roads and the consumption of material and technical resources for their construction, it is necessary to be guided by the instructions of SNiP.
The construction road includes access roads connecting the construction site with the general road network, and intra-construction roads along which goods are transported within the site. Access roads, as a rule, are made permanent, and internal roads are temporary. These driveways are laid before the construction of the main facilities begins.
Roads at construction sites can be dead ends or roundabouts. At the end of dead-end roads there should be turning areas, and in the middle part, if necessary, sidings. Based on the standard overall dimensions of the car (a rectangle with a width of 2.5 and a height of 3.8 m), the width of the roadway for single-lane traffic is taken to be at least 3.5 m, and for two-lane traffic - 6.0 m. If the road is designed as single-lane , then in the proposed places for unloading vehicles, widenings should be provided that are equal to the total width of the road at least 6 m.
When using heavy vehicles with a carrying capacity of 25-30 tons or more, the width of the roadway increases to 8 m.
The curvature radius of roads is dictated by the maneuverability of individual vehicles and road trains. Typically, the minimum radius of the curve is 15 m; at this point the width of the roadway is increased - with a road width of 3.5 m at the curve it will be 5 m, the greatest slope is 0.08.
Structurally, highways consist of subgrade and road pavement. To drain surface water, the road is given a gable slope on straight sections of the route, and a single slope on curved sections.
Road pavement consists of several layers - an underlying sand layer, a load-bearing base (crushed stone, concrete, reinforced concrete) and a coating. To reduce costs at the construction site, it is advisable to install future permanent roads without a top covering. It is even more effective to lay a temporary covering of reinforced concrete road slabs over a sandy base. In this case, the main coating should be carried out before putting the facility into operation.
Slabs are used as reinforced concrete road slabs; rectangular and wedge-shaped. Rectangular road slabs (2.5-3.0 m long, 1.0-1.5 m wide, 0.14-0.22 m thick and weighing 0.63-1.8 tons) are easy to install and suitable for operation immediately after installation at any time of the year and in any weather.
The costs of constructing, repairing and maintaining such roads under typical construction traffic conditions usually pay for themselves in 1.5-2.0 years. Prefabricated slabs are the property of the construction organization and can be reused by it.
Engineering equipment of territories and construction sites
Sequence of construction plan design.
A construction master plan is a plan of a construction site on which construction objects, existing buildings and structures are located, showing: the arrangement of the main installation and lifting mechanisms, temporary buildings and structures, temporary sewerage networks, water supply and electricity supply, sites for enlarged assemblies and other structures and devices, erected and used during the construction period.
Sequence of construction plan design:
· Location of construction machines and mechanisms necessary for construction;
· Passage of transport communications through which materials, structures, and equipment are delivered to the facility;
· Placement of on-site warehouses;
· The following must be shown: installation cranes and their connection to a building or structure, temporary roads, sites, storage; hazardous areas and necessary protective devices; temporary communications and their connection to existing ones; dimensions of temporary premises, location in plan, provision of approaches and entrances; entries and exits to the construction site; prohibition, warning and directional signs; construction site fencing and type of temporary fence; primary fire extinguishing agents;
Clearing and planning of the territory.
The scope of work to clear the area includes:
Replanting or protecting green spaces;
clearing the site of unnecessary trees and bushes, uprooting stumps;
removal of fertile soil layer;
demolition or dismantling of unnecessary buildings;
disconnection or relocation of existing utility networks from the site;
initial layout of the construction site.
Discharge of surface and ground water
Works in this cycle include:
Construction of upland and drainage ditches, embanking, open and closed drainage, surface planning of storage and installation sites. When the groundwater level is high, drainage is carried out by open and closed drainage systems. These systems lower groundwater levels and also improve sanitary and building conditions. Open drainage (to lower the groundwater level to a depth of 0.3-0.4 m) in soils with a low filtration coefficient. Closed drainage - deep trenches with wells installed to control the system and with a slope towards water discharge, filled with drainage material (crushed stone, gravel, coarse sand).
· A layer of coarse sand;
· A layer of medium- and fine-grained sand (thickness of at least 40 cm);
· A layer of local soil (up to 30 cm);
Preparing the construction site for construction and its arrangement.
Construction of temporary roads and access roads to the construction site;
laying temporary communications;
arrangement of parking areas for construction vehicles;
construction site fencing;
preparation of temporary living quarters.
Design of temporary roads on a construction site.
Construction roads include access roads connecting the construction site with the general road network, and intra-construction roads along which goods are transported within the site. Access roads, as a rule, are made permanent, and internal roads are temporary; These driveways are laid before the construction of the main facilities begins.
Roads at construction sites can be dead ends or roundabouts. At the end of dead-end roads there should be turning areas, and in the middle part, if necessary, sidings. Based on the standard dimensions of the car (a rectangle with a width of 2.5 and a height of 3.8 m), the width of the roadway for single-lane traffic must be at least 3.5 m, and for two-lane traffic - 6 m. If the road is designed as single-lane, then Widening should be provided at the intended places for unloading vehicles, the total width of the road should be at least 6 m (Fig. 3.2). When using heavy vehicles with a carrying capacity of 25...30 tons or more, the width of the roadway increases to 8 m. If large and long loads are delivered to the construction site, the width of the road can be further increased. The curvature radius of roads is dictated by the maneuvering capabilities of individual vehicles and road trains, i.e., their turning ability when moving forward without using reverse gear. Typically, the minimum radius of the curve is 15 m; at this point the width of the roadway is increased - with a road width of 3.5 m at the curve it will be 5 m.