The specification for instruments and automation equipment is carried out in the form presented in table. 3. This form can only be recommended for academic work.

In the right column “Position number” indicate the position of instruments and automation equipment according to the automation scheme. The column “Name and brief characteristics” indicates the name of the device, its technical characteristics and features. For example, a sensor for measuring hydrostatic pressure (level). In the “Device type” column, the brand of the device is indicated, for example, Metran-150-L. In the “Note” column, if necessary, indicate “Supplied as a set”, “Developed by a special design bureau” or “Developed by ISUTU” and so on.

Rice. 14. Detailed heat exchanger automation scheme

Instruments and automation equipment specified in the specification should be grouped by parameters or by functionality.

Table 3

Specification for devices and automation equipment

Description of the automation scheme

The description of the automation scheme involves explaining in a concise form what tasks for automating a given technological object were set and how they were solved. A detailed description of how the signal passes from the measuring point through the functional blocks to the place of application of the control action (regulating body) needs to be done only for those circuits that are:

– the most responsible;

– complex, the operation of which requires explanation.

3.2. Circuit diagrams

Schematic diagrams are drawn up on the basis of automation schemes, based on specified algorithms for the functioning of individual control, alarm, automatic control units and general technical requirements for an automated object.

The development of basic electrical circuits always contains certain elements of creativity and requires the skillful use of electrical circuits and standard functional units, their optimal arrangement into a single system, taking into account the satisfaction of the requirements for the circuits, as well as possible simplification and minimization of the circuits. The scheme should ensure high reliability, simplicity and efficiency, clarity of actions in emergency conditions, ease of operational work and operation, and clarity of design.

This circuit must provide power supply to all electrical receivers (PLC-program logic controllers, PCs, sensors, converters, secondary devices, control devices, etc.)

According to the PUE (ed. 7 dated July 8, 2002), the reliability of power supply to receivers is divided into three categories. Electrical receivers first category- electrical receivers, the power supply of which may entail danger to human life, material damage, disruption of a complex technological process, defective products, disruption of the functioning of particularly important elements of public utilities. Electrical receivers second category– electrical receivers, a break in the power supply of which leads to a massive shortage of products and equipment downtime. Third category– all other electrical receivers that do not fall within the definitions of the first and second categories. Electric receivers of the first and second categories must have two independent sources of power supply with automatic transfer of a reserve (AVR) in the event of failure of the first source. The ATS should lead to uninterrupted power supply to the circuit. For objects classified in the third category, it is enough to have one input. If there are consumers of different categories at the facility, then the power supply scheme of the highest category should be used for power supply. We can recommend the use of the following modifications of the AVR: UAVR-ShchAP12, UAVR-ShchAP23, UAVR-Ya8301, UAVR-Ya8302, SUE3000, ASCO300, ASCO7000.

Depending on the voltage of electrical receivers, single-phase or three-phase power supply circuits are used. If the designed facility does not have electrical receivers requiring a voltage of 380V, the power supply circuit is constructed as a single-phase one. To power devices with 24V or 36V DC voltage, special power supplies or step-down transformers with rectifiers after them are used.

Graphic design of electrical circuit diagrams

Graphic designations of circuit elements are established by the group of standards “Conventional graphic designations in circuits”: GOST 2.721-74 (designations of general use) and a number of other GOSTs. The general rules for the implementation of schemes are determined by the standards: GOST 2.701-84 “Schemes. Types and types. General requirements for implementation"; GOST 2.702-75 “Rules for the execution of electrical circuits”; GOST 2.708-81 “Rules for the implementation of electrical circuits of digital computer technology.”

In cases where there is a need to use any graphic images not provided for by the standards, it is allowed to use non-standardized graphic symbols, providing the necessary explanations on the diagram. Conventional graphic symbols of elements whose dimensions are not established in the standards are depicted on the diagrams in the sizes in which they are made in the corresponding standards for conventional graphic symbols.

All values can be proportionally reduced, but in this case the gap between two adjacent lines of the conventional graphic designation must be at least 1 mm. The size of the conventional graphic symbols can be increased if, for example, this is necessary to include explanatory signs in them.

Circuit designation

The designation of circuit sections serves to identify them and may also reflect their functionality in the electrical circuit. Requirements for the designation of circuits of electrical circuit diagrams are defined by GOST 2.709-72. According to this standard, all sections of electrical circuits separated by device contacts, relay windings, instruments, machines, resistors and other elements must have different designations. Sections of circuits passing through detachable, dismountable or non-demountable contact connections must have the same designation.

Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Latin alphabet are used to designate sections of circuits of electrical circuit diagrams. The numbers and letters included in the designation should be in the same font size.

Reading schematic diagrams and especially the operation of electrical installations are greatly simplified if, when developing a circuit, circuits are designated according to their functionality, depending on their purpose. So, for example, it may be recommended to use a group of numbers 1-399 for control, regulation and measurement circuits, 400-799 for signaling circuits, and 800-999 for power circuits. Instead of groups of numbers, the functional affiliation of the circuits of a circuit diagram can be expressed by conventionally accepted letters.

Common AC power circuits are marked with letters indicating the phases (for example, A800, B801, etc.). The neutral wire is marked with the addition of the letter N.

DC power circuits are designated: odd numbers - sections of circuits of positive polarity, even numbers - sections of circuits of negative polarity.

The sequence of designations should be from the input of the power source to the consumer, and the branching sections are designated from top to bottom in the direction from left to right.

In Fig. Figure 15 shows an example of a circuit diagram of a distribution network. The circuit is made using AVR - A1; to power the sensors with a unified current output signal, a power supply is used to convert the 220V mains voltage into a stabilized voltage of 24V - A2. We can recommend the use of the following modifications of power supplies: Metran-602, Metran-604, Metran-608, Metran-602-Ex, BP KARAT-22, BP-96. To protect electrical consumers, automatic switches are used - QF, for example VA-47-29. The diagram is supplemented by a list of elements of the basic electrical diagram of the distribution network, which provides a position designation, name, brief description and number of power supplies for sensors with a unified output signal, controller power supplies, automatic switches, etc. (Table 4).

Table 4

List of elements of the electrical circuit diagram of the distribution network

When developing power and lighting networks and automatic control systems, various types and types of electrical equipment, wiring, instruments and automation equipment are used, connected to the control object and to each other according to certain schemes. Depending on the equipment used. instruments and automation equipment (electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.), various schemes for their connections are being developed.

In accordance with GOST 2.701-76, schemes are divided into the following types and types:

Types of schemes:

Electrical – E;

Hydraulic – G;

Pneumatic – P;

Kinematic – K;

Combined – S.

Types of schemes:

Structural – 1;

Functional – 2;

Fundamental – 3;

Connections – 4;

Connections – 5;

General – 6;

Locations – 7.

Electrical A diagram is a simplified visual representation of the connections between individual elements of an electrical circuit, made using conventional graphic symbols and allowing one to understand the principle of operation of an electrical installation.

Structural – reflect the enlarged structure of the management system and the relationship between control and management points of objects. The main elements are depicted as rectangles, the connections between the elements are shown by arrows directed from the influencing element to the affected one.

Functional diagram - reflects the functional block structure of individual units of automatic control, signaling, control and regulation of the technological process and determining the equipment of the control object with instruments and automation equipment.

Fundamental diagrams - reflect with sufficient completeness the composition of the elements, auxiliary equipment and connections between them included in a separate automation unit and giving a detailed idea of the principle of its operation. Based on the schematic diagrams, external and internal connection diagrams are developed.

Connection diagrams – shows information about the internal connections of the product.

Connection diagram – contains information about connections between individual elements of electrical installations and working mechanisms.

General schemes– contain general and specific information on the project.

Layout diagram – explains the location of devices in space, contains information about the routes and methods of laying electrical wiring.

Of the 7 types of electrical circuits, the main ones are circuit diagrams , reflecting with sufficient completeness and clarity the mutual connections between the individual elements that make up the installation and providing comprehensive information about the principle of its operation.

Schematic diagrams serve as the basis for the development of connection diagrams and connections, drawing up specifications and applications for equipment, instruments and devices at the stage of preparation for installation. At the stage of installation, commissioning and operation of the installation, the schematic diagram is the main guiding technical document.

According to their purpose, circuit diagrams are divided into power circuit diagrams (main current circuits), auxiliary circuit diagrams (control, monitoring, alarm circuits), and combined circuits. When the diagrams are drawn together, the main current circuits are highlighted with bolder lines.

Circuit diagrams can be carried out combined And spaced ways. Combined images (Fig. 2.3, a) are used in diagrams, with all parts of each device located in close proximity and usually enclosed in a rectangular and round outline made with a thin line. Most often, circuit diagrams are made in a spaced manner (Fig. 2.3, b), in which the conventional graphic symbols of the component parts of the devices are placed in different places, but in such a way that the individual circuits are depicted most clearly. The belonging of different parts to the same apparatus is established by a positional designation. Individual elements of equipment (switches, fuses, electromagnetic starters, relays, resistors, capacitors, etc.) are connected to each other by wires and cables using connection diagrams , which are a document attached by the manufacturer of an electrical installation or device, containing information about internal product connections. On connection diagrams, devices and devices are depicted in a simplified form in the form of rectangles, above which there is a circle divided by a horizontal line. The numbers in the numerator indicate the serial number of the product, the denominator contains the alphanumeric designation of the element in accordance with GOST 2.710-81 (see Fig. 2.4).

Figure 2.3. Basic electrical circuits for controlling electrical wires: a) combined; b) spaced apart.

Figure2.4. Electrical connection diagram.

Electrical, as well as technological equipment, is installed on supporting bases (for example, in workshops), using the diagrams shown on the plans of buildings and structures and drawings, called in this case layout diagrams . The layout diagram explains the location of the devices in space and contains information about the routes and methods of laying wires (Fig. 2.5)

Figure 2.5. Layout diagram.

Information on connections between individual devices (cabinets, consoles, control panels, terminals of electrical installation elements) and the specifics of making such connections is contained in connection diagrams (Fig. 2.6).

Figure 2.6. Connection diagram.

Switching devices in the diagrams are shown in a switched-off state (i.e., in the absence of current in the windings of relays, contactors, electromagnetic starters, etc. and external forced forces acting on individual devices).

To identify circuit sections and draw up connection diagrams, circuits in circuit diagrams are marked. AC power circuits are marked with phase letters and sequential numbers. Thus, three-phase alternating current circuits are marked with the letters A, B, C, N, two-phase current circuits - A, B; B, C; C, A - and single-phase current - A, N; B,N; C, N.

In DC circuits, sections of circuits with positive polarity are assigned odd numbers, and those with negative polarity are assigned even numbers. The input and output sections of the circuit are marked with polarity: plus (+) and minus (-), and the middle conductor is marked with the letter N or M. DC circuits can be marked with sequential numbers.

Control, protection, alarm, automation, and measurement circuits are marked with sequential numbers within the product.

On the diagrams, markings are placed at the ends or in the middle of the chain section, to the left of the image of the vertical chain and above the image of the horizontal chain.

Connection diagrams can have either graphic method drawings, when wires, harnesses and cables connecting the terminals of devices are shown on the diagram as separate lines (similar to how a circuit diagram is performed in a combined way (see Fig. 2.3, a), lines of one direction can be depicted as one thickened one, which branches off at the connection points on separate lines, or, if it is difficult to read them, address method , in which the lines representing wires, harnesses and cables are broken near the connection points (Fig. 2.4). At the terminals of the devices, only pieces of wire are shown, on the shelves of which they are written in the form of a fraction, in which the numerator is the serial number of the product or its alphanumeric designation; the denominator is the contact number, for example 1/3 or IM/3.

In the places where the cores of wires and cables are connected to the devices, the connection diagrams show the output terminals in the form of circles, inside which their markings (factory or specially assigned) are affixed.

With a high level of automation and a large number of equipment in the circuit, installation of electrical wiring is carried out according to connection diagrams, which are compiled in the form of tables where information about the wires and connection addresses are recorded, table 2.3.

1) symbols defined by GOST 2.751-73, GOST 2.755-74, GOST 2.756-76;

2) the principle of operation of individual devices included in the installation;

3) properties of serial and parallel connection of contacts and other circuit elements.

When reading the diagrams, you should follow a certain sequence:

Determine the power source and the main energy paths from source to consumer;

Divide the circuit into simple circuits;

Understand the role of each element included in individual simple chains;

Consider the conditions for the interaction of devices included in the electrical installation.

Table 2.3 Wiring connections.

Conductor	Where does it come from?	Where does it go?	Wire data	Note
Front wall
60 K 4/8 K 5/17 PV 1x1
58 K 4/17 K 5/8
59 K 4/ HT/ 3
21 I/5 HT/ 7

We must start by considering the circuit of the main apparatus that controls the operation of the consumer. Then determine which devices’ contacts are included in this circuit and how they affect the operation of the main device. Then you should consider the circuits of the devices that control these contacts, etc.

Let us consider as an example the operation of the circuit shown in Fig. 2.3. The greatest clarity in reading (individual circuits are better traced) is provided by a circuit made in a spaced manner (Fig. 2.3, b). The diagram shows that the electric motor (M) is powered from a 380/220 V network with a frequency of 50 Hz. The electrical circuit is protected from short circuit by the QF circuit breaker. Remote start and stop - by an electromagnetic starter (KM), equipped with an electrothermal relay (KK) to protect it from overloads. The electric motor is controlled by the “start” and “stop” buttons (SB).

When you press SB (the "start" button with a closing contact) and the circuit breaker QF is on, a closed electrical circuit is formed: clamp C1-break contact with self-reset SB ("stop" button), normally open contact SB, coil of the electromagnetic starter KM, break contact of the electrothermal relay KK, neutral wire networksN. A magnetic field is created in the electromagnet KM. The anchor, being attracted to the core, drags the traverse on which the movable main and blocking contacts are fixed. The power contacts of the KM close the main current circuit (the electric motor turns on), and the blocking contact of the KM bypasses the “start” button, since it is spring-loaded and is closed only when pressed (therefore, the blocking contact of the KM is often called the self-power contact).

To stop the electric motor, press the button SВ with normally open contacts ("stop"). In this case, the KM coil is de-energized, the main contacts of the electromagnetic starter will open and turn off the electric motor. The electric motor is protected from overloads by a thermal relay KK, which operates as follows. If the specified value of the electric current in the electric motor power circuit is exceeded, the thermal relay KK will operate and, with its opening contact, will open the power circuit of the electromagnetic starter coil, which in turn will lead to the opening of its main contacts and the electric motor will turn off.

The circuit also provides light signaling for the operation of the electric motor. When the electric motor is not running, the warning light HL2 is on, and when the motor is running, HLI is on.

Sequence of reading block diagrams:

On the drawing in question we read all the inscriptions;

We find out the meaning of all unfamiliar symbols and images;

Consistently review unit control and production panels, dispatch panels and consoles;

Determine the types and directions of operational communication between control and management points.

Find out the existence of connections between the management structure in question and other levels of management.

Conventional alphabetic and graphic designations on electrical circuit diagrams

When executing the diagrams, the following graphic symbols are used:

1) conventional graphic symbols established in the standards of the Unified System of Design Documentation, as well as those built on their basis;

2) rectangles;

3) simplified external outlines (including axonometric ones).

If necessary, non-standardized graphic symbols are used.

When using non-standardized conventional graphic symbols and simplified external outlines on the diagram, appropriate explanations are given.

Conventional graphic symbols, for which several acceptable (alternative) embodiments have been established, differing in geometric shape or degree of detail, should be used based on the type and type of the diagram being developed, depending on the information that needs to be conveyed on the diagram by graphic means. In this case, on all diagrams of the same type included in the documentation set, one selected designation option must be used.

The use of certain graphic symbols on diagrams is determined by the rules for executing diagrams of a certain type and type.

Conventional graphic symbols of elements are depicted in the sizes established in the standards for conventional graphic symbols.

The dimensions of the conventional graphic symbols, as well as the thickness of their lines, must be the same on all diagrams for a given product (installation).

Notes :

1. All sizes of graphic symbols can be changed proportionally.

2. Conventional graphic symbols of elements used as components of the symbols of other elements (devices) may be depicted smaller in comparison with other elements (for example, a resistor in a rhombic antenna, valves in a dividing panel).

Graphic symbols on diagrams should be made with lines of the same thickness as the communication lines.

Symbolic graphic symbols of elements are shown on the diagram in the position in which they are given in the relevant standards, or rotated by an angle multiple of 90°, if there are no special instructions in the relevant standards. It is allowed to rotate conventional graphic symbols by an angle that is a multiple of 45, or depict them as mirror images.

If, when rotating or mirroring conventional graphic symbols, the meaning or readability of the symbol may be impaired, then such symbols must be depicted in the position in which they are given in the relevant standards.

Communication lines are made with a thickness of 0.2 to 1.0 mm, depending on the format of the diagram and the size of the graphic symbols. Recommended line thickness is from 0.3 to 0.4 mm.

Communication lines should consist of horizontal and vertical segments and have the least number of kinks and mutual intersections.

In some cases, it is possible to use inclined sections of the communication line, the length of which should be limited as much as possible.

3. Communication lines passing from one sheet or one document to another should be broken outside the diagram image without arrows.

Next to the communication line break, the designation or name assigned to this line should be indicated (for example, wire number, pipeline number, signal name or its abbreviated designation, etc.), and in parentheses the sheet number of the circuit and zone, if any. when the diagram is executed on several sheets, for example, sheet 5, zone A6 (5, A6), or the designation of the document, when the diagrams are executed as independent documents, to which the communication line passes.

Communication lines should usually be shown in full. Communication lines within one sheet, if they make it difficult to read the diagram, can be cut off. Broken communication lines are ended with arrows. Near the arrows indicate the locations of broken lines, for example, connections, and (or) the necessary characteristics of the circuits, for example, polarity, potential, pressure, fluid flow, etc.

Elements (devices, functional groups) included in the product and shown in the diagram must have designations in accordance with the standards for the rules for implementing specific types of circuits.

Designations can be alphabetic, alphanumeric and numeric. Designations of elements (devices, functional groups) specific to certain branches of technology must be established by industry standards.

Equipment and installations on power and lighting network plans are presented in accordance with GOST 21.614-84 “Conventional graphic images of electrical equipment and wiring on plans.” The main conventional graphic images on the power and lighting network plans are presented in Table 2.4, and the symbols of electrical devices in Table 2.4.

The dimensions of the images are given in the drawings on a scale of 1:100. When making images on other scales, the size of the images should be changed in proportion to the size of the drawing, and the size (diameter or side) of the conventional image of the electrical equipment should be at least 1.5 mm. The dimensions of images of switchboards, cabinets, consoles, boxes, electrical devices and electrical equipment of open distribution devices should be taken according to their actual dimensions on the scale of the drawing. It is allowed to increase their size to be able to depict all the pipes with wiring suitable for them.

Table 2.4. Conventional graphic images on plans of power and lighting networks.

	Name	Image
I. Electrical wiring.
1. Designation of electrical wiring lines.
	General image
	Three wire line
	36 V line
	Grounding line
2. Open wiring.
	Open cable routing
	Cable wiring
	Wiring in the tray
	Wiring in the box
	Laying wiring under the baseboard
3. Wiring in pipes.
	General designation
	Open gasket
	Hidden gasket
	The posting goes to a higher level or comes from a high
	The posting goes to a lower level or comes from a low
II. Equipment.
	Branch box
	Introductory box
	Box, drawer
	Box, drawer with clips
	Main panel for working lighting
	Panel of group working lighting
	Cabinet, panel with one-sided service
	Cabinet, panel with double-sided service
	Switch, general designation
	Switch for surface installation with IP 20, IP23: Single pole Bipolar Three-pole
	Switch for hidden wiring: Single pole Bipolar Three-pole
	Switch for surface installation with IP 44, IP55: Single pole Bipolar Three-pole
	Switches with IP 20, IP23
	Open two-pole socket with IP 20, IP23
	Open two-pole double socket with IP 20, IP23
	Hidden socket socket, two-pole
	Open two-pole double socket
	Open two-pole socket with IP 44, IP55
	Socket with protective contact with IP 44, IP55
	Incandescent lamp
	Lamp with incandescent lamp on a cable
	Lamp with incandescent lamp on bracket
	Lamp with GLND
	Lamp with GLVD

	Spotlight
	Wall cartridge
	Suspended chuck
	Magnetic switch

Purpose of electrical circuit diagrams

A schematic diagram is an expanded diagram of electrical connections. It is the main diagram of the electrical equipment design of a production mechanism and gives a general idea of the electrical equipment of this mechanism, reflects the operation of the automatic control system of the mechanism, serves as a source for drawing up wiring diagrams and connections, developing structural units and drawing up a list of elements.

According to the principle diagram, the correctness of electrical connections is checked during installation and commissioning of electrical equipment. The accuracy of the operation of the production mechanism, its productivity and reliability in operation depend on the quality of the development of the circuit diagram.

Ten Rules for Drawing Electrical Circuit Diagrams

1. The schematic diagram of the production mechanism is drawn up based on the requirements of the technical specifications. In the process of drawing up a schematic diagram, the types, designs and technical data of electric motors, electromagnets, limit switches, contactors, relays, etc. are also specified.

Let us recall that on a schematic diagram all elements of each electrical device, apparatus or instrument are shown separately and are placed for ease of reading the diagram in different places depending on the functions performed. All elements of the same device, machine, apparatus, etc. are provided with the same alphanumeric designation, for example: KM1 - first linear contactor, KT - time relay, etc.

2. The electrical circuit diagram shows all the electrical connections between the electrical components of the production mechanism included in it. On circuit diagrams, power circuits are usually placed on the left and drawn with thick lines, and control circuits are placed on the right and drawn with thin lines.

The schematic diagram is designed using existing standard components and circuits for automatic control of electrical wires (for example, circuits of magnetic controllers and protective panels - for cranes, circuit diagrams of units for transition from adjustment mode to automatic using separate control buttons or a mode switch - for metal-cutting machines, etc. .).

3. Relay contact circuits must be drawn up taking into account the minimum load of relay contacts, contactors, limit switches, etc., using amplification devices to reduce the power they switch: electromagnetic, semiconductor amplifiers, etc.

4. To increase the reliability of the circuit, you need to choose the simplest option, which has the smallest number of controls, devices and contacts. For this purpose, it is necessary, for example, to use general protection devices for electric motors that do not operate simultaneously, and also to control auxiliary drives from the main drive devices if they operate simultaneously.

5. Control circuits in complex circuits should be connected to the network through a transformer that reduces the voltage to 110 V. This eliminates the electrical connection of power circuits with control circuits and eliminates the possibility of false triggering of relay contact devices during short circuits to ground in the circuits of their coils. Relatively simple electrical control circuits can be connected directly to the mains supply.

6. The supply of voltage to the power circuits and control circuits must be done through an input package switch or circuit breaker. When using only DC motors on metal-cutting machines or other machines, DC equipment should also be used in the control circuit.

7. It is recommended, if possible, to connect different contacts of the same electromagnetic device (contactor, relay, command controller, limit switch, etc.) to the same pole or phase of the network. This allows for more reliable operation of the devices (there is no likelihood of breakdown and short circuit on the insulation surface between contacts). From this rule it follows that one terminal of the coil of all electrical devices should, if possible, be connected to one pole of the control circuit.

8. To ensure reliable operation of electrical equipment, means of electrical protection and interlocking must be provided. Electrical machines and devices are protected from possible short circuits. and unacceptable overloads. In the control circuits of electric drives of machine tools, hammers, presses, overhead cranes, zero protection is required to eliminate the possibility of self-starting of electric motors when the supply voltage is removed and then applied.

The electrical circuit must be constructed in such a way that if fuses blow, coil circuits are broken, or contacts are welded, emergency operation of the electric drive does not occur. In addition, control circuits must have interlocking connections to prevent emergency modes in the event of erroneous operator actions, as well as to ensure a given sequence of operations.

9. In complex control circuits, it is necessary to provide alarms and electrical measuring instruments that allow the operator (machine operator, crane operator) to monitor the operating mode of electric drives. Signal lamps are usually switched on at reduced voltage: 6, 12, 24 or 48 V.

10. For ease of operation and proper installation of electrical equipment, the terminals of all elements of electrical devices, electrical machines (main contacts, auxiliary contacts, coils, windings, etc.) and wires are marked on the diagrams.

Sections (clamps of circuit elements and wires connecting them) of direct current circuits of positive polarity are marked with odd numbers, and sections of negative polarity with even numbers. AC control circuits are marked similarly, i.e. all terminals and wires connected to one phase are marked with odd numbers, and to the other phase with even numbers.

Common connection points of several elements in the diagram have the same number. After the circuit passes through a coil, contact, pilot light, resistor, etc., the number changes. To highlight individual types of circuits, indexing is done so that control circuits have numbers from 1 to 99, signaling circuits - from 101 to 191, etc.

1. RULES FOR IMPLEMENTING BLOCK DIAGRAMS

1.1. The block diagram shows all the main functional parts of the product (elements, devices and functional groups) and the main relationships between them.

1.2. The functional parts in the diagram are depicted in the form of rectangles or conventional graphic symbols.

1.3. The graphical construction of the diagram should give the most visual representation of the sequence of interaction of functional parts in the product.

1.4. The diagram must indicate the names of each functional part of the product if a rectangle is used to designate it.

It is allowed to indicate designations (numbers) or types (codes) of elements and devices on the diagram.

When depicting functional parts in the form of rectangles, it is recommended to write names, designations and types inside the rectangles.

1.5. If there are a large number of functional parts, it is allowed to put down serial numbers instead of names, designations and types, usually from top to bottom in the direction from left to right. In this case, names, designations and types are indicated in the table placed under the main inscription.

1.6. It is allowed to place on the diagram (example 1 of Appendix 2) explanatory inscriptions, diagrams or tables that determine the sequence of processes in time, as well as indicate parameters at characteristic points (magnitudes of currents, voltages, shape and magnitude of pulses, mathematical dependencies, etc.)

2. RULES FOR EXECUTION OF FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAMS

2.1. A functional diagram depicts the functional parts of a product (elements, devices and functional groups) involved in the process illustrated by the diagram, and the connections between these parts.

In the diagram, instead of connections, it is allowed to depict specific connections between elements and devices (wires, cables).

2.2. Functional parts in the diagram, as a rule, are depicted in the form of conventional graphic symbols (example 2 of Appendix 2). Individual functional parts may be depicted in the form of rectangles.

2.3. A graphical representation of the diagram should give the most visual representation of the sequence of processes illustrated by the diagram.

2.4. When executing the functional diagram, it is allowed to use the provisions specified in paragraphs. 3.5-3.9, 3.13, 3.19 and 3.22, for example: depict elements separately in parts, merge electrical connection lines, etc.

2.5. The diagram should indicate:

for each functional group - its name;

for each device depicted as a rectangle - its name, designation or type;

for each device depicted in the form of a conventional graphic symbol, its designation or type;

for each element - the position designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram, or type (see example 2 of Appendix 2.).

2.7. Explanatory inscriptions, diagrams or tables are placed on the diagram, defining the sequence of processes in time, and also indicate the parameters at characteristic points (magnitudes of currents, voltages, shape and magnitude of pulses, mathematical dependencies, etc.).

3. RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

3.1 the schematic diagram shows all the electrical elements necessary for the implementation and control of specified electrical processes in the product, and all the electrical connections between them, as well as the electrical elements (connectors, clamps, etc.) that terminate the input and output circuits.

3.2. The diagram may depict connecting and mounting elements installed in the product for structural reasons.

3.3. Schemes are drawn for products in the off position.

In technically justified cases, it is allowed to draw individual diagrams in the selected working position, indicating in the diagram field the mode for which these elements are drawn.

3.4. Elements in the diagram are depicted in the form of conventional graphic symbols.

3.5. The dimensions of conventional graphic symbols are given in GOST 2.747-68.

Elements whose dimensions are not established by GOST 2.747-68 must be drawn in the dimensions in which they are made in the relevant standards.

When drawing diagrams rich in conventional graphic symbols, it is allowed to reduce the weight of the value proportionally, while the distance (clearance) between two adjacent lines of the conventional graphic symbol must be at least 0.8 mm. When drawing illustrated diagrams on large formats, it is allowed to increase all conventional graphic symbols proportionally.

It is allowed to increase the size of the designations of individual elements if it is necessary to emphasize the special purpose of these elements.

It is allowed to increase the size of conventional graphic symbols when adding explanatory signs to them.

When depicting elements with a large number of pins (for example, multi-tap resistors), it is allowed to change the size of their designations compared to those given in the standards without disturbing the clarity of the circuit.

Conventional graphic symbols of elements used as components of more complex elements may be depicted reduced in comparison with other elements to reduce the overall size of conventional graphic symbols (for example, a resistor in a rhombic antenna).

3.6. Conventional graphic symbols of elements are drawn on the diagram with lines of the same thickness, as shown in the standards for conventional graphic symbols.

The thickness of the lines of all conventional graphic symbols of elements can be equal to the thickness of the electrical connection.

3.7. Elements that are partially used in the product may be shown incompletely on the diagram, limiting the image to only the parts used (example 3 of Appendix 2).

3.8. Conventional graphic symbols of elements are drawn on the diagram or in the position in which they are depicted in the relevant standards. or rotated by an angle multiple of 90 ° in relation to this provision, unless specific guidance is provided in the relevant standards. In other cases, it is allowed to rotate conventional graphic symbols by an angle divisible by 45 ° .

3.9. Conventional graphic symbols in diagrams are performed in a combined or spaced manner.

3.10. With the combined method, the components of the elements according to the scheme are together, i.e. in close proximity to each other.

3.11. With the spaced method, the conventional graphic symbols of the component parts of the elements are placed in different places of the diagram so that the individual circuits of the product are depicted most clearly. Using the spaced method, it is possible to draw both the entire diagram and individual elements.

When constructing circuits of electrical equipment, it is recommended to use the spaced method, in which the conventional graphic symbols of the elements and their components included in one circuit are depicted sequentially one after another in a straight line, and individual circuits are shown one below the other, forming parallel lines (linear method of executing the circuit ). It is allowed to place lines on the diagram in a vertical position.

When executing a diagram in a line-by-line manner, it is allowed to number parallel lines to make it easier to find elements on the diagram (example 4 of position 2).

3.12. When depicting elements in an exploded manner, it is allowed to place tables with conventional graphic symbols of elements made in a combined manner on the free field of the diagram. In this case, elements that are partially used in the product are usually shown in full in the table, indicating the used and unused parts (for example, all contact relays).

3.13. Schemes are performed in a single-line or multi-line image. 3.14. With the multilinear method, each circuit, including circuits that perform an identical function (for example, phases of alternating current circuits), is depicted as a separate line, and the elements contained in these circuits, including similar ones, are represented by separate graphic symbols.

3.15. With the single-line method, all circuits that perform identical functions are depicted with one line, and similar elements contained in the indicated circuits. – one (single-line) conventional graphic symbol.

3.16. The location of the conventional graphic symbols of elements on the diagram should be determined by the ease of reading the diagram, as well as the need to depict the connections between elements with the shortest lines with a minimum number of intersections.

It is allowed to place conventional graphic symbols of elements on the diagram as they are located in the product, if the depiction of the connections between the elements does not turn out to be so complex that it will disrupt the readability of the diagram.

3.17. In a large format and dense diagram, it is allowed to divide the diagram field into equal zones to make it easier to find elements. Zone designations must be indicated in the list of elements.

3.18. Communication lines should usually be shown in full. It is allowed to break the communication line of elements distant from each other if the graphical representation of the connections makes it difficult to read the circuit (for example, the glow circuit of electric vacuum devices).

Communication line breaks are terminated with arrows indicating connection points (see example 2 of Appendix 2).

If the product contains multiple repeating auxiliary circuits (for example, power circuits), it is allowed not to depict them on the diagram, but to place tables indicating the connection locations or corresponding text explanations in the diagram field.

If a number of elements must be connected to circuits of the same polarity of equal potential, then it is allowed, without drawing a communication line, to indicate the connection of these elements, indicating the polarity and, if necessary, the potential value near the images of the terminals of these elements.

3.19. The thickness of electrical communication lines on the diagrams should be from 0.2 to 0.6 mm, depending on the format of the diagram and the size of the graphic symbols.

3.20. When depicting different functional circuits on one diagram, it is possible to distinguish them by line thickness. It is recommended to distinguish between primary and secondary switching circuits, power circuits and control circuits, etc. If necessary, it is allowed to provide an appropriate explanation in the diagram field.

When highlighting functional circuits, it is allowed to use lines up to 1 mm thick.

3.21. It is recommended to draw elements included in a circuit, which is highlighted by line thickness, with lines of the same thickness as the circuit.

3.22. To simplify the diagram, it is possible to merge several unrelated communication lines into a common line, but when approaching contacts (elements), each communication line should be depicted as a separate line.

When used in a merging circuit, communication lines are usually Must be numbered with the same numbers at both ends of each line (example 5 of Appendix 2).

It is allowed not to number the second end of the merged line, using for this purpose the designations of the contacts of the elements to which the merged lines are suitable.

Note. If the diagram shows digital designations of electrical circuits (clause 3.38.), then when merging the line, additional numbering is not required.

3.23. Each element included in the product and shown in the diagram must have an alphanumeric positional designation, composed of a letter designation and a serial number placed after the letter designation (see example 3 of Appendix 2).

3.24. The letter designation must be an abbreviated name of the element, made up of its initial or characteristic letters, for example: transformer - Tr, arrester – RR.

It is allowed to assign one positional value to a group of elements that perform similar functions in a product, for example: relay, contactor. Magnetic switch - R.

The letter designations of the most common elements are given in Appendix 1.

3.25. To indicate the purpose of individual elements in a specific product, it is allowed to assign letter positional designations to these elements, reflecting their functional purpose, for example:

KnP– “start” button;

KnS– “stop” button;

RV– time relay

KL– linear contact.

The letter “U” is used to designate the device

To reflect the functional purpose of the device, it is allowed to use alphabetic codes:

F– filter;

Tg– trigger;

ShchP– power supply panel;

HRC– intermediate frequency amplifier.

3.26. Serial numbers should be assigned to elements, starting with one, within groups of elements that are assigned the same letter position designation in the diagram, for example: R 1,R 2,R 3 etc. C 1,C 2,C 3 etc.

The numbers of the serial numbers of the elements and their alphabetic positional designations should be done in the same font size.

If the conventional graphic designation includes a letter designation (measuring instruments, electrical machines), then it is allowed to add a serial number to it (Drawing 1).

If a product has only one element of this group (one generator, one telephone, etc.) and it is known that when the circuit is modified, the appearance of a second element of the same group is excluded, then the serial number in its positional designation may not be indicated.

3.27. It is allowed to carry out circuits with digital positional designations of elements, representing continuous numbering, starting from one.

The position designation must be inscribed in the circle (see example 5 of Appendix 2).

3.28. Positional designations are assigned to elements within a product.

3.29. Positional designations are placed on the diagram next to the symbolic graphic designations of the elements, if possible on the right side or above them.

3.30. Serial numbers must be assigned in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of elements on the diagram, usually counting from top to bottom in the direction from left to right.

If necessary, it is allowed to change the sequence of assignment of serial numbers, due to the placement of elements in the product, the direction of signal passage or the functional sequence of the process.

3.31. when drawing from a conventional graphic designation of an element in an exploded manner, the positional designation assigned to the element is placed next to each of its components. The sequence of assigning serial numbers must correspond to the sequence of location on the diagram of the main components of the element, for example, relay windings (see example 3 of Appendix 2).

It is allowed to add numbers to the positional designation through a hyphen, assigned to each part of the element, for example, B1-2 - the second board of switch 1 (example 6 of Appendix 2).

3.32. Individual contacts of connectors, boards, etc. denoted by a fraction, in the numerator of which the positional value of the element is indicated, and in the denominator the contact number, for example, Ш 1/5.

The designation is placed next to the contact image.

3.33. It is allowed, if this does not complicate the diagram, to connect separately depicted parts of an element with a mechanical connection line, indicating that they belong to the same element. In this case, the positional designations of the elements are placed at one or both ends of the mechanical connection line (see example 3 of Appendix 2).

3.34. On a diagram of a product that includes devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams, it is allowed to assign positional designations to the elements within each device.

This method is mandatory for cases when the product for which the diagram is drawn up includes several identical devices (see example 6 of Appendix 2).

In the case of a spaced method of depicting a device, the positional designation of each element must include the code of the device that includes these elements.

In this case, an explanation of the device’s conditional code should be placed on the diagram (on the diagram field or in the list of elements).

3.35. On a diagram of a product that includes several functional groups, it is recommended to assign position designations to elements within each group.

With the combined method of depicting a functional group on the diagram, the conditional code of the group is indicated inside the outline.

With a spaced method of depicting a functional group, a conditional code must be included in the positional designation of each element, for example: 1-C5 - the fifth capacitor included in trigger 1.

3.36. It is allowed in the diagram, when assigning positional designations to input and output elements (connectors, boards, etc.), to the left of their positional designations, put through a hyphen the code of the device that includes these elements, for example: A-Sh5 - fifth plug connector of device A .

3.37. It is allowed to assign positional designations to cable connectors, as well as connectors on rack frames, that coincide with the positional designations of the connectors mated to them, placing the code of the device in which the mating connectors are included in front of the positional designations in parentheses, for example: (A)Ш1 – connector mating to connector Ш1 of device A.

3.38. To ensure the connection of the circuit with the structure, it is allowed to enter digital symbols of electrical circuits on the diagram (see example 4 of Appendix 2). In this case, it is allowed to use letter indices that characterize the functional purpose of the circuits.

The circuit designation system in the diagram must comply with the requirements of GOST 2.709-72 or other regulatory and technical documents in force in the industries.

3.39. The schematic diagram must clearly identify all the elements included in the product and shown in the diagram. As a rule, data about elements should be recorded in an element list. In this case, the connection of the list with conventional graphic designations of elements should be carried out through positional designations. In some cases, it is allowed to place all information about the elements next to the graphic symbols.

Notes:

1. If, when disassembling the design documentation of a product, the selection of elements can be made not only on the basis of a schematic diagram, then the amount of information about the elements placed on this diagram may be incomplete, for example, there may be no designations of documents on the basis of which the elements are applied or instructions about types of these elements.

2. At the stages of technical proposal, preliminary and technical design, information about the elements placed on the diagram may be incomplete.

3.40. The list of elements is placed on the first sheet of the diagram or executed as a separate document.

When completing the list of elements in the form of an independent document, it is assigned a product designation and code in accordance with GOST 2.701-68.

(Changed edition

3.41. If the list of elements is placed on the first sheet of the diagram, then it is drawn up in the form of a table, filled out from top to bottom, and placed, as a rule, above the main inscription.

The continuation of the list of elements is placed to the left of the main inscription. In this case, the head of the table is repeated.

The list of elements in the form of an independent document is carried out in format 11. The main inscription and additional columns to it are carried out in accordance with GOST 2.104 - 68 (form 2 and 2a).

Notes:

1. In the “Zone” column, write down the zone designation.

When using the line-by-line method of executing schemes, it is allowed to indicate in the “Zone” column the number of the line in which this element is located.

2. In the column “Pos. designation" record the positional designation of the element.

3. In the “Name” column, write down the name of the element in accordance with the document on the basis of which this element is applied, and the designation of this document (main design document, GOST, TU, catalog, etc.).

4. If it is necessary to indicate technical data of an element that is not contained in its name, it is recommended to indicate this data in the “Note” column.

(Changed edition- “Inform. Index of Standards" No. 12 1972).

3.42. Elements in the list are written in the following order:

a) with alphanumeric positional designations of elements - in groups in the order of arrangement of the alphabetic positional designations given in Appendix 1. Within each group that has the same alphabetic positional designation, the elements are arranged in ascending order of serial numbers.

To facilitate changes between individual groups of elements, as well as with a large number of elements within groups and between elements, it is allowed to leave several blank lines;

b) with digital positional designations - in ascending order of numbers. At certain intervals, it is allowed to leave several blank lines; in this case, the numbering of completed lines must be continuous.

3.43. Elements of the same type with the same electrical parameters, having sequential serial numbers on the diagram, can be recorded in the list on one line. In this case, in the column “Pos. designations" enter only the letter value with the smallest and largest serial numbers, for example: R 3, R 4; C8...C12, and in the column “Quantity.” - the total number of such elements.

3.44. When repeatedly using elements of the same type in a product (resistors, capacitors, relays, etc.), to simplify filling out the list of elements, the following is allowed:

a) instead of repeating the names of the elements (capacitor, resistor, etc.) in the “Name” column, put quotation marks or place these names in the form of a heading (Table 1a)

b) before each group of elements of the same type, place inscriptions indicating the documents on the basis of which these elements are given (Table 1b).

(Changed edition- “Inform. Index of Standards" No. 12 1972).

3.45. If in the diagram positional designations are assigned to elements within devices or functional groups, then the elements are recorded in the list separately for devices or functional groups.

The recording of elements included in each device (functional group) begins with the corresponding header. The title is written in the “Name” column and underlined.

If the diagram contains elements that, in addition to devices (functional groups), are included directly in the product, then filling out the list begins by writing down the specified elements without a title (see example 6 of Appendix 2).

Notes:

1. When using several identical devices or functional groups, the list indicates the number of elements included in one device (functional group). The total number of identical devices (functional groups) is indicated in the header in the “Number” column. (see example 6 of Appendix 2).

2. In the “Note” column, write down the conditional code of the device (functional group).

3. If on the diagram before the positional designation the conditional code of the device (functional group) is indicated, then when recording elements in the list in the column “Pos. designation” record the positional designations of the element without a conditional code.

(Changed edition- “Inform. Index of Standards" No. 12 1972).

3.46. If on a diagram of a product consisting of several devices, positional designations are assigned throughout the entire product, then it is allowed to record elements in the list separately by device (clause 3.45).

3.47. If the diagram contains elements that are not independent structures, then when recording them in the list, in the “Note” column, enter the designations of the drawing of the part of the product in which this element is formed.

3.48. When indicating the values of resistors and capacitors on the diagram, it is permissible to use the following simplified method of designating units of measurement:

for resistors

from 0 to 999 Ohms – in ohms without indicating units of measurement;

from 1 × 10 to 999 × 10 Ohms – in megohms with the unit of measurement designated by the letter “M”;

for capacitors

from 0 to 9999 × 10 F – in picofarads without indicating the unit of measurement;

from 1 × 10 to 9999 × 10 F - in microfarads without indicating the unit of measurement. In this case, the values of the containers are written either in the form of fractional quantities or in the form of integers, followed by the sign 0 (zero), separated by a comma, for example: 0.01; 0.2; 30.0; 50.0.

3.49. If the terminals of an element are marked in its design, then this marking is repeated on the diagram. The diagram also contains designations of terminals that are not actually marked on the elements, but are established in their documentation (for example, the pinout of electric vacuum devices).

If the designation of the terminals is not indicated in the design of the element and in its documentation, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the diagram, repeating them in the future with the corresponding design documents.

Notes:

1. If designations are assigned to the pins conditionally, then place the corresponding indication on the diagram field.

2. If a product contains several identical electric vacuum devices, then the pinout may be indicated on one of them (see example 3 of Appendix 2).

3. If the product contains several similar elements (devices), then the terminal designations may be indicated on one of them, provided that the location of their terminals relative to the graphic designations is identical.

In the exploded method of depicting similar elements (devices), the pin designations are indicated on each component part of the element (device).

4. To distinguish the element pin numbers in the diagram from other digital designations (circuit designations, etc.), the pin numbers are enclosed in brackets.

3.50. On the diagram, near the graphic symbols of elements, the purpose and use of which in operating conditions requires explanation (for example, switches, potentiometers, control sockets, fuses, etc.), appropriate inscriptions should be placed. Inscriptions intended to be applied to the product are enclosed in quotation marks on the diagram.

3.51. It is recommended to indicate on the diagram the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product (frequency, voltage, current, resistance, inductance, etc.), as well as the parameters to be measured at the control contacts, sockets, etc. (see example 6 of Appendix 2). If it is impossible to indicate the characteristics or parameters of the input and output circuits of the product, then indicate the name of the circuits or controlled quantities.

3.52. If a product is intended to operate only in a certain device, equipment or installation, then the diagram may indicate the addresses of external points to which the input and output circuits of this product should be connected. The address must ensure unambiguous connection. So, if the output contact of this product must be connected to the fifth contact of the third connector of device A, then the address should be written as follows: A - Ш3/5.

It is allowed to indicate the address in a general form if the unambiguous connection is ensured, for example, “Device A”.

3.53. It is recommended to record the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product, as well as the addresses of their external connections, in tables placed instead of the conventional graphic symbols of the input (output) elements - board connectors, etc. (Table 2).

Each table is assigned a positional designation of the element, instead of the conventional graphic designation of which it is placed.

Above the table it is allowed to indicate a conventional graphic designation of a connector contact - socket or plug.

Tables can be executed in a spaced manner.

Tables with circuit characteristics can also be placed if there are conventional graphic symbols of input and output elements on the diagram - connectors, boards, etc.

It is recommended to place similar tables on lines depicting input and output circuits and not ending with connectors, boards, etc. on the diagram. In this case, positional values are not assigned to the tables (example 7 of Appendix 2).

Notes:

1. If there are several tables in the diagram, it is allowed to give the name of the column only on one of them.

2. In the absence of characteristics of input and output circuits or addresses of their external connection, the table is reduced to the appropriate column.

If necessary, additional columns can be entered into the table.

3. It is allowed to enter in the “Contact” column. through the sign “∟” several consecutive numbers of contacts if all of the indicated contacts are electrically connected to each other directly.

3.54. If the diagram shows elements whose parameters must be clarified by selection during regulation, then asterisks are placed near the positional designations of such elements on the diagram and in the list of elements (for example, R 1*), and a footnote “*Selected during regulation” is placed in the diagram field.

The list should contain elements whose parameters are closest to the calculated ones.

The limit values of element parameters allowed during selection are indicated in the “Note” column of the list.

Note. If the parameter selected during regulation is ensured by connecting elements of various types, then these elements are listed in the technical requirements in the diagram field and a diagram of their connection is also given there. When recording such elements in the list:

in the “Name” column the element type is not indicated;

3.55. If there are several identical elements in a product, connected in parallel or in series, it is allowed to place on the diagram a conditionally graphic designation of one element, next to which indicate the positional designations of all the elements that it replaces (Drawing 2).

If necessary, it is allowed to indicate the type of connection of elements (parallel or series) on the diagram near the symbolic graphic symbol. In this case, the elements are written down in the list in one line, and in the “Note” column the type of connection of the elements (parallel or serial) is indicated.

If parallel or serial connection of several identical elements is carried out to obtain a certain parameter value (capacitance or resistance of a certain value), then in the list of elements in the “Note” column indicate the general (total) parameter of the elements and the type of their connection (parallel or serial) by type: “Serial R =154 kOhm.”

3.56. If a product contains several groups of identical elements connected in parallel or in series, it is allowed to depict only the outer groups, showing the electrical connections between them with dashed lines. In these cases, elements must be taken into account when assigning reference designations to elements. not shown in the diagram (Drawing 3).

3.57. When designing a product that includes several devices, it is recommended to create a separate circuit diagram for each device.

If, when designing a product, it can be assumed that any device included in the product will find application in other products or will be used as an independent product, then a separate circuit must be made for it.

3.58. When drawing up schematic diagrams of products that include devices that have independent schematic diagrams, each such device is considered as an element of the product circuit, assigned a position designation and recorded in the list of elements as one position (see example 3 of Appendix 2).

In this case:

a) on a product diagram, a device that has an independent circuit is depicted as a rectangle or a conventional graphic symbol.

Inside the rectangle, tables should be placed with the characteristics of the input and output circuits, and in diagrams with a large number of connections, the addresses of external connections.

Tables inside the rectangle are placed instead of conventional graphic symbols of input (output) elements - connectors, boards, etc. (drawing 4).

Each table is assigned a positional designation of the element, instead of the conventional graphic designation with which it is placed.

Above the table it is allowed to indicate the conventional graphic designation of the connector contact - socket or plug.

The order of the contacts in the table is determined by the convenience of constructing the circuit.

Tables with circuit characteristics can also be placed if there are conventional graphic symbols of input and output elements on the diagram - connectors, boards, etc. When depicting typical unified devices in the form of a rectangle, it is allowed not to include the characteristics of the input and output circuits, but to indicate only the designations of the input and output contacts;

b) on the product diagram, in rectangles depicting devices, it is allowed to place structural or functional diagrams of devices, or to repeat their circuit diagrams in whole or in part. The elements of these devices are not included in the list of circuit elements.

If the product includes several devices of the same type, then it is recommended to place the device diagram on a free field of the product diagram (and not in a rectangle) with the appropriate inscription, for example, “Block diagram U1 - U4”;

c) inside or near the rectangles depicting devices, it is recommended to put names, designations or types of devices.

3.59. In a product diagram, devices that have independent circuit diagrams may be depicted in a spaced manner. In this case, near the conventional graphic designations of the elements included in such a device, their positional designations are repeated, assigned on the circuit diagram of the device indicating the code of the device that includes the elements, for example, 2-R 18 - the 18th resistor included to block 2.

An explanation of the device’s conditional code is placed in the diagram field or in the list of elements.

3.60. If the product includes several identical devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams, then on the product diagram it is allowed not to repeat the diagrams of these devices, but to depict them in the form of rectangles. The diagram of such a device can be depicted either inside one of the rectangles (see example 6 of Appendix 2), or placed on the field of the product diagram with the appropriate inscription, for example: “Block diagram ABVG.ХХХХХХ.156”.

Positional designations in this case are assigned according to the rules established in clause 3.34.

3.61. – according to GOST 2.708-72.

3.62. When performing a circuit diagram on several sheets, placing one or more functional circuits on each sheet, the following requirements must be met:

a) when assigning positional designations to elements, continuous numbering within the product is observed.

It is allowed to assign positional designations to elements within each functional chain;

b) the list of elements must be general;

c) individual elements may be re-displayed on other sheets of the diagram, retaining the positional designations assigned to them on one of the sheets of the diagram. Instead of positional designations, it is allowed to indicate the nominal values of the main parameters or the type (code) of the element.

3.63. When developing several independent circuit diagrams for one product, placing one or more functional circuits on each sheet, the following requirements must be met:

a) positional designations are assigned to elements according to the rules specified in clause 3.62a;

b) each diagram must contain a list only of those elements whose positional designations are assigned on this diagram;

c) individual elements may be re-represented on several such diagrams, retaining the positional designations assigned to them on one of the diagrams. In this case, instructions are placed on the diagrams like: “Elements shown in the diagram, but not included in the list of elements, see ABVG.ХХХХХХ 251ЭЗ” or “Capacitors C1,C8 And C12 see ABVG.ХХХХХХ.251ЭЗ.”

Instead of positional designations near the conventional graphic designations of elements repeated in other diagrams, it is allowed to indicate the nominal values of the main parameters or the type (code) of the element.

3.64. On the circuit diagram it is allowed to place instructions on the brands, sections and colors of wires and cables that should be used to connect the elements, as well as instructions on the specific requirements for the electrical installation of this product.

4. RULES FOR EXECUTION OF CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

4.1. The connection diagram shows either external connections between individual devices directly included in the product - external * connection diagram, or connections between elements inside individual devices - internal diagram them * connections.

It is allowed to issue a wiring diagram that defines the full scope of connections

4.2 . External connection diagram

4.2.1. The external connection diagram must show all devices and elements included in the product, their input and output elements (connectors, clamps, boards, etc.), to to which wires, harnesses, and cables of external installation, as well as connections between these devices and elements (example 9 of Appendix 2).

4.2.2 In the product between individual devices and within devices. Elements that are partially used in a product are usually shown in full on the diagram, indicating the involved and unused parts, for example, all connector contacts, boards, etc. (see example 9 of Appendix 2).

4.2.3. The devices and elements included in the product are shown in the diagram as rectangles.

Individual elements may be depicted in the form of conventional graphic symbols or external outlines, and devices - in the form of external outlines.

When depicting devices and elements in the form of rectangles, input and output elements are depicted as conditional graphic symbols.

When depicting devices and elements in the form of external outlines, input and output elements are depicted in the form of conventional graphic symbols or in the form of external outlines.

4.2.4. To depict connectors, it is allowed to use conventional graphic symbols that do not show individual contacts. In this case, tables indicating the connection of contacts are placed near the connector designations (Fig. 5)

If the harness (cable) connects the contacts of the input and output elements of the same name, then it is allowed to place tables near one end of the image of the bundle (cable).

If information about connecting the contacts is given in the connection table (clause 4.4.14), then the tables may not be placed on the diagram.

4.2.5. On the diagram, near or inside the graphic designations of devices and elements, indicate their names, designations or types, and near the graphic designations of input and output elements - their positional designations assigned to them on circuit diagram (see example 9 of Appendix 2).

4.2.6. If the input and output elements are marked in design of devices and elements, then this marking is repeated on the diagram (example 10 of appendix 2).

If the design of a device or element and its documentation do not indicate the designations of input and output elements, then it is allowed to conditionally assign them designations on the diagram, repeatadding them later in the corresponding design documents cops.

If designations are assigned to input and output elements conditionally, then an appropriate explanation is placed in the diagram field.

4.2.7. Location of graphic symbols of devices and elements cops on the diagram should give a rough idea of their actual location in the product.

It is allowed not to reflect the location of devices on the diagram and elements in the product, if due to the large number of devices and elements, the diagram is performed on several sheets or sizesThe behavior of devices and elements at the site of operation is unknown.In these cases, the location of the graphic symbols of the devicesand elements should ensure simplicity and clarity of electronicric connections between them.

The placement of images of input and output elements inside the graphic symbols of devices and elements should be approximately correspond to their location in the product.

4.2.8. Devices and elements with the same external connections values can be depicted on a diagram indicating the connection tions for only one such device or element (see whenmeasures 10 applications 2).

4.2.9. If the composition of the product for which the circuit is being developedincludes devices that have independent connection diagrams, then their it is allowed to depict the product on the diagram without showing the connection of wires and cable cores to the input and output contactsrunning elements (see example 10 of Appendix 2).

4.2.10. On the product diagram, inside rectangles or outside outlines depicting devices, it is allowed to show them structural, functional or circuit diagrams.

4.2.11. On the diagram of the complex it is allowed to provide a list elements and devices (Table 1) and a list of wires, harnesses and cables (Table 5) included in the complex (see example 10 applications 2).

4.2.12. In the absence of a schematic diagram of the product, approval repents on the wiring diagram assign position designationsindividual elements not included in the circuit diagrams with integral parts of the product, according to the rules established in paragraphs. 3.23- 3.30, and write them down in the list of elements (example 11 appendix2) in the form established for circuit diagrams.

4.2.13. If, when installing the complex to harnesses or cables connectors or other connecting connections must be attached elements, then on the diagram of the external connections of the complex about gra The physical designations of the connectors indicate their names,values or types (see example 9 of appendix 2).

4.3. Internal connection diagram

4.3.1. The internal connection diagram shows all the elements ments included in the product, as well as connections between these elements (example 12 of Appendix 2).

4.3.2. Elements used partially in a product are usually shown in full on the diagram, indicating those involved. and unused parts, for example, all relay contact groups, etc.

4.3.3. The elements included in the product are shown in the diagramare compressed in the form of conventional graphic symbols, and devices -in the form of rectangles or external outlines.

Individual elements may be depicted as external outlines.

4.3.4. In the diagram near the symbolic graphic symbols of the element cops are indicated by the position designations assigned to them onschematic diagram.

About the symbolic graphic symbols of tolerance elements It is possible to indicate the nominal values of the main parameters (with resistance, capacity, etc.) or element type.

4.3.5. On the diagram, near the graphic symbols of elements whose purpose or use in operating conditions requires explanation (for example, switches, potentiometers, control sockets, fuses, etc.), it is recommended to place appropriate inscriptions.

Inscriptions intended to be applied to the product are enclosed in quotation marks on the diagram.

4.3.6. If the terminals of an element are marked in its design, then this marking is repeated on the diagram. The diagram also contains terminal designations that are not actually marked on the elements, but are established in their documentation (for example, the pinout of electric vacuum devices).

If the design of the element and its documentation do not indicate the designations of the terminals, then it is allowed to conditionally assign them designations in the diagram, repeating them later in the corresponding design documents.

If the terminal designations are assigned conditionally, then a corresponding explanation is placed in the diagram field.

If the diagram shows several identical electric vacuum devices, then the pinout may be indicated on one of them.

4.3.7. The location of the symbolic graphic symbols of elements on the diagram should, as a rule, give an approximate idea of their actual location in the product.

It is allowed that the wiring diagram does not reflect the actual arrangement of elements in the product.

4.3.8. On the product diagram it is allowed to depict the ends of wires and cables for external installation connected to its input and output elements according to the rules established in paragraphs. 5.8, 5.10- 5.11.

4.4. Wires, harnesses and cables

4.4.1. Wires, harnesses and cables should generally be shown as separate lines on the diagram.

The thickness of the lines representing wires, harnesses and cables in the diagrams should be from 0.4 to 1 mm.

To simplify the drawing of the diagram, it is possible to merge individual wires running in one direction on the diagram into a common line.

When approaching the contacts, each wire is depicted as a separate line.

If the graphic representation of the connections makes it difficult to read the diagram, then it is permissible not to draw lines representing wires, harnesses and cables or to break them close to the connection points. In these cases, information in volume is placed on the diagram near the connection points or in the table in the free field of the diagram; sufficient to ensure an unambiguous connection, for example, a return address (Fig. 6).

4.4.2. On a diagram of a product that includes multi-contact elements, it is allowed that lines depicting wires and cable cores only extend to the outline of the graphic designation of the element, without showing connections to the contacts, but Contact images in this case indicate the designations under driven wires and cable cores (Fig. 7).

4.4.3. If wires, harnesses or cables pass through grease nicks, sealed leads, bushings, etc., the latter are depicted on the diagram with conventional graphic symbols(Figure 8).

a - oil seal; b – sealed lead-in; c – bushing insulator.

4.4.4. If the seals, sealed bushings and bushings are beyondare marked in the product design, then their marking is repeated ut on the diagram.

If marking is not provided for in the design of the product, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to oil seals, pressure seals inputs and bushings on the wiring diagram, keepingthem in the corresponding design documentation, and in the fielddiagrams include appropriate instructions.

4.4.5. Wires, harnesses, cables and cable cores on the diagram should We must be designated in one of the following ways:

a) serial numbers within the individual wire diagram,harnesses and cables (see example 9 of Appendix 2).

Notes:

2. Continuous numbering of wires and cable cores within the diagram is allowed.

3. Continuous numbering of individual wires, harnesses and cables is allowed within the scheme. In this case, the wires included in the bundles are numbered within each bundle.

4. Jumpers and wires that are clearly visible on the diagram are allowed do not number.

5. It is allowed not to designate bundles, cables and individual wires if the product for which the diagram is being drawn up is part of the complex, and the designations for the harnesses, cables and wires will be assigned within the entire complex.

b) numbers assigned to the circuits.

Note: If circuit designations are indicated on the circuit diagram, they must be repeated on the connection diagram.

4.4.6. Instead of the numbering provided in clause 4.4.5, the approval It is possible to use letter designations, signs “+” and “-”, etc.certain designations established in certain industries, for example, in wired communications the letters a, b And With or LI, L12, L13 V electric drive diagrams.

4.4.7. In the diagram, using a letter designation, it allowsto determine the functional affiliation of the wire, harnessor cable to a specific complex, room or function front chain:

a) if all wires, harnesses and cables shown in the diagram are belong to the same complex, room or functional chain, then the letter designation is not put down, but on the field diagrams include an appropriate explanation;

b) if the wires, harnesses and cables shown in the diagrambelong to different complexes, premises or functionalities nal circuits, then the letter designation is placed before the designation of each wire, harness and cable separated by a hyphen. In this case, the letter designation is part of the correspondence designation responsible for each wire, harness and cable.

A hyphen may not be included in the designation unless it iswill introduce ambiguity in reading the diagram.

4.4.8. If the product contains harnesses or cables,made according to drawings, then the designations of these harnesses are indicated on the diagram (near their images or in the connection table) and cables.

4.4.9. Designations of wires, harnesses and cables on the connection diagram The designations must coincide with the designations of the corresponding wires, harnesses and cables on the connection diagram and the general one (if these diagrams are being developed), as well as with the designations in other design documents.

4.4.10. The numbers of wires and cable cores are indicated on the diagram,usually near both ends of the images.

Cable numbers are marked in circles placed in breaks in cable images near the branching points of the cores(see example 9 of Appendix 2).

The numbers of the bundles are placed on the shelves of the leader lines, near and from the places where the wires branch (see example 9 of Appendix 2).

Notes:

1. When designating cables in accordance with the requirements of clause 4.4.7, as well as with a large number of cables in the diagram, cable numbers in a circle are allowed ness not to be entered.

2. If the diagram is highly saturated, it is allowed to put numbers of wires and cable cores in the breaks in their images.

3. At. image on the diagram of wires or cables of long length numbersplaced at intervals determined by the ease of use of the diagram,and definitely near both ends.

4.4.11. If the diagram does not include a section through which all the wires that make up a complex harness are running, then it is allowedplace the number of a complex bundle close to its image, aboutby pointing arrows to images of individual sections of the tourniquet.

4.4.12. The diagram must indicate brands, sections and, if necessary, wire colors, as well as cable brands,number, cross-section and occupancy of cores.

The number of occupied cores is indicated in square (see example 9 applications 2).

If, when developing a circuit diagram of the complex, data on wires and cableswhites cannot be determined, then the diagram shows the character statistics of input and output circuits of devices and elements or other initial data necessary for selecting specific wires and cables.

Characteristics of input and output circuits recommendedindicate in the form of tables (clause 3.53), placed instead of conventional graphic symbols of input and output elements Comrade

It is allowed not to indicate data on wires and cables connection diagram, if they are clearly defined in other conconstruction documents.

4.4.13. Data on wires and cables (grades, cross-sections) whena small number of electrical connections are indicated directlyright next to the images of connections.

If, when specifying data on wires and cables, symbols, then their explanation is placed on the diagram fieldroving (see example 9 of Appendix 2).

If all or most of the wires and cables are the samenew grade, cross-section and other data, then this data is allowedpoint to the diagram field.

4.4.14. If there are a large number of electrical connections,information about wires and cables, as well as their connection addressesshould be summarized in a table called the “Table of Connections”"

The connection table is placed on the first sheet of the diagram, as usually above the main inscription or performed in the form of a subsequent sheets.

If the kit contains design documentation forproduct of the connection table issued for electrical installationdrawing (GOST 2.413-72), connection table to connection diagramthey do not make up.

If, due to the complexity of the product, the external connection diagram may may turn out to be cumbersome and inconvenient to use, then it is allowed not to develop it, limiting itself to drawing up tablesfaces of connections. In this case, the connection table is assignedname and code of the connection diagram.

4.4.15. The choice of the form of the connection table is made by the circuit designer depending on the information that is neededplace on the diagram (Table 3.4).

4.4.16. When filling out the connection table, it is recommended to adhere to the following order:

a) if connections must be made with separate wiresmi, then they are recorded in the table in sequence inincreasing numbers assigned to wires or circuits;

b) if connections must be made by wiring harnesses or cable cores, then before recording the wires of each harness or cores of each cable, place a heading, for example: “Harness 1" or “Tourniquet ABCG. XXXXXXX. 032", or "Cable 3". The recording of the wires of the harness or cable cores is carried out in the sequence of increasing numbers assigned to the wires or circuits;

c) if the installation must be carried out partly with separate wires, and partly with wire harnesses and cables, then in the table connections, individual wires are first recorded (without titles ka), and then (with appropriate headings) wiring harnesses and cables;

d) if insulation must be put on individual wiresny tubes, shielding braids, etc., then in the “Notes” columnnie" place appropriate instructions;

e) when using forms of connection tables without separate the graph for designating the element and contact of the connection address is written as a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the positional designation of the element, and the denominator - the designation of the contact.

4.4.17. On the connection diagrams near both ends of the lines, fig.representing wires, harnesses and cables, it is allowed to indicate the address of connections of elements and devices (example 13 of Appendix 2). In this case, the connection table is not compiled.

4.4.18. In the diagram field above the main inscription, it is allowedplace the necessary technical instructions, for example: requirementsabout the inadmissibility of joint laying of some wires and cableswhiter; the values of the minimum permissible distances between thewaters and cables; data on the specificity of laying and protecting cables, on grounding and shock absorption of elements and devices.

5. RULES FOR EXECUTION OF CONNECTION DIAGRAMS

5.1. The connection diagram shows the product, its input and output elements (clamps, connectors, etc.) and the ends of wires and cables for external installation supplied to them (example 14 of Appendix 2).

5.2. The product is usually shown on the diagram as straight square, and its input and output elements - in the form of conditional graphic symbols.

The product, input and output elements may be depicted reap in the form of external outlines.

5.3. Placing images of input and output elementsinside the graphic designation of the product should be approximately correspond to their location in the product.

5.4. The diagram, as a rule, indicates the positional designations of the input and output elements assigned to them on principle pial diagram of the product.

5.5. If the input and output elements are marked in constructure of the product, then their markings are repeated on the diagram.

5.6. If wires or cables pass through glands, hermetic bushings, bushings, etc., then the latter are depicted on scheme.

If the seals, sealed bushings and bushings are marked are included in the design of the product, their markings are repeated on the diagram.

If marking is not provided in the product design, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations on the diagram underinclusions, saving them in the rest of the design documentation, and placing the appropriate indication in the diagram field.

5.7. On the diagram, near the symbolic graphic symbols of the connectors to which the wires and cables are connected, it is allowed to indicatecall their names, designations or types.

5.8. Wires and cables should be shown on the diagram from separate lines.

5.9. If the product is intended to be used in one specific device, apparatus or complex, then the addresses of their external connections and (or) designations assigned to them on the diagramconnections or general diagram. Addresses must provide one thingthe significance of connecting wires, harnesses and cables, for example, if the output contact of the product must be connected to the fifth contact of the third connector of the device A, then the address should be written as follows: A-SHZ/5.

5.10. It is allowed to indicate brands, sections and, if necessary, on the diagram necessary, the colors of the wires, as well as the brand of cables, if quality, section and employment of veins. When specifying grades, sections and wire colors with symbols on the diagram fieldpost their transcript.

5.11. It is allowed to indicate names or characteristics on the diagramcharacteristics of external circuits (see example 14 of Appendix 2). If, when completing the diagram, addresses and designations of wires and cablesimpossible to determine (for example, when developing a connection circuit requirements for a unified product), then they must indicate names or characteristics of external circuits.

Note: When specifying the characteristics of external circuits and addresses up to is used instead of conventional graphic designations of input and output elements cops to place tables (clause 3.53).

6. RULES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL SCHEMES

6.1. The general diagram shows devices and elements that are not directly included in the complex, as well as the wires, harnesses and cables connecting them.

6.2. Devices and elements on the diagram, as a rule, depictin the form of rectangles.

It is allowed to depict elements in the form of conditional graphicssymbols or external outlines, and the device - in the formexternal outlines.

Location of graphic symbols of devices and elements the diagram should give an approximate idea of their operationproper location in the product.

It is allowed not to reflect the location of devices on the diagram and elements in the product, if their placement at the place of operationtion is unknown. In these cases, the location of the graphic symbolsdesign of devices and elements should ensure simplicity andclear display of electrical connections between them.

6.3. The graphic designations of devices and elements show the places of connection and input of external installation (connectors,seals, sealed leads, bushings, etc.). Places of connection and input are depicted in the form of conventional graphicdesignations given in paragraphs. 4.2.4, 4.4.3.

Placement of conventional graphic symbols of connection points Marking and entering wires, harnesses and cables inside the images devices and elements should approximately correspond to their actionsappropriate location in the product. If to ensurevisibility of connections, placement of graphic symbolsThe location of the connection and input points does not correspond to their validity any location in the product, then on the diagram field there should be appropriate instructions have been provided.

6.4. The diagram should indicate:

for each device or element depicted as rectangle or external outline - their name, designation or type;

for each element depicted as a conditional graph physical designation - its designation or type.

Record the specified information in the list of elements (Table 1).In this case, near the graphic symbols of devices and electricalcops are given digital positional designations.

6.5. If devices and elements are grouped into posts, then it is recommended to write them down in a list by post (example 15 of Appendix 2).

6.6. If the places of connection and entry of wires, harnesses and cables into devices and elements are marked in the structure, then this marking is repeated on the diagram (example 16 of Appendix 2).

If marking is not provided for in the design of the product, then it is permissible to conditionally assign designations to the connection and input points on the general diagram, saving them in the rest of the design documentation, and place a corresponding indication in the diagram field.

6.7. On the diagram it is allowed to indicate the designations of the connectors on the shelves of leader lines and the number of their contacts inside the images of the connectors (Drawing 9)

6.8. Wires, harnesses and cables must be shown in the diagram separate lines.

6.9. Wires, harnesses and cables must be kept separatelyrovany within the scheme.

Continuous numbering of wires, harnesses and cables is allowedwithin the diagram, if the wires included in the bundles are numbered within each bundle.

6.10. If the composition of the product for which the circuit is being developedma, several complexes are included, then the wires and cables are numberedwithin each complex.

Belonging of a wire, harness or cable to a specificthe complex is determined using a letter designation, aboutplaced with a hyphen before the number of each wire, I burn that or cable. In this case, the letter designation is included in the becoming the designation of each wire, harness or cable, respectively.

6.11. Allowed on the diagram using a letter designation to determine whether a wire, harness or cable belongs to a definitiondivided rooms or functional circuits according to the rules,established in clause 4.4.7.

6.12. Designations of wires, harnesses and cables on the diagram should we must match the designations of the corresponding wires, harnesses and cables on the connection and connection diagrams, if they are designed but also with designations in other design documents.

6.13. The wire numbers on the diagram are usually marked as follows: at the ends of the images; numbers of short wires that are fromclearly visible on the diagram, it is allowed to place it near the middle images.

6.14. Cable numbers are marked in circles, placing hidden in cable image breaks.

Note. When designating cables in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs. 6.10, 6.11 designations do not fit into the circle.

6.15. The harness numbers are placed on the shelves of the leader lines.

6.16. In the diagram next to the images of wires, harnesses and cables indicate:

for wires - brand, cross-section and, if necessary, race flower;

for cables - brand, number and cross-section of cores;

for wires, cables and harnesses made according to drawings - their designations (numbers).

6.17. The list of wires, harnesses and cables (Table 5) is placed on the first sheet of the diagram, usually above the main inscription orperformed in the form of subsequent sheets.

Notes:

1. In the “Note” column, note the cables supplied with the complex or laid during its installation.

2. Cables laid during installation may not be included in the list.

6.18. The general diagram, if possible, should be performed on one sheet.

If the diagram cannot be completed on one sheet due to the complexity of the product, then:

a) on the first sheet the product as a whole is drawn, depicting the posts with conventional outlines and showing the connections between the posts. Inside the conventional outlines of posts, only those devices and elements are depicted to which wires and cables of inter-post lines are connected.

On other sheets, diagrams of individual posts or groups of posts;

b) the general diagram of each complex is performed on a separate sheet if the product includes several complexes.

7. RULES FOR IMPLEMENTING LAYOUT DIAGRAMS

7.1. The layout diagram shows the components of parts and connections between them, and, if necessary, the structure, room or area on which these components will be located.

7.2. The components of the product are depicted as externaloutlines or graphic symbols.

7.3. Wires, harnesses and cables are shown as separatelines or external outlines.

7.4. Location of graphic symbols of components products on the diagram should provide a correct representationabout their location and, if possible, about the actual locationresearch in construction, indoors, on the ground.

7.5. When implementing a layout diagram, it is allowed to use various construction methods (axonometry, plan, conditionaldevelopment, section of the structure, etc.).

7.6. The diagram should indicate:

for each device or element depicted asexternal outline - their name, designation or type;

for each element depicted as a conditional graphphysical designation - its designation or type.

For a large number of devices and elements, it is recommendedRecord the specified information in the list of elements (Table 1).In this case, near the graphic designations of devices and elementscomrades are given digital positional designations.

8. RULES FOR EXECUTION OF COMBINED AND

COMBINED SCHEMES

8.1. When implementing schemes combined by type, I will observegive the following rules:

a) elements and connections of each type (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.) are depicted on the diagram according to the ruleslams installed for the corresponding types of circuits of this type;

b) if elements in the diagram are assigned positional designations, then they must be continuous within the diagram. I excludeThe value is made up of electrical elements if they are assignedalphanumeric designations;

c) information placed on the diagram and the design of the diagram as a whole should be determined by the rules established for the correlationcorresponding types of circuits of this type.

8.2. It is allowed to perform combined schemes whena schema of one type contains information specific to the schemaanother type, for example, the product wiring diagram showsits external connections.

When performing combined schemes, the rules given for the corresponding types of schemes must be followed.

8.3. When executing a combined document for eachthe diagram placed on it must comply with the rules, regulationsupdated for circuits of the corresponding type.

GOST 2.702-75 “Rules for the execution of electrical circuits” establishes the rules for the execution of structural, functional, fundamental, connection, connection, general, arrangement, combined and combined electrical circuits of products from all industries. If the general requirements (GOST 2.701-84) are met, additional rules are clarified or established taking into account the specifics of the type of circuit. We indicate the most important rules for electrical circuit diagrams.

· Schemes are drawn for products in the off position.

· Elements in the diagram are depicted in the form of UGO, the dimensions and line thickness of which are given in GOST 2.747-68 or in other relevant GOSTs. If necessary, all symbols can be proportionally increased or decreased (the distance between two adjacent lines must be at least 1 mm).

The location of UGO elements on the diagram should be determined by the ease of reading the diagram, as well as the need to depict the connections between the elements with the shortest lines with a minimum number of intersections. UGO is performed using combined or spaced methods. With the combined method, the components of the elements are shown on the diagram in close proximity to each other. With the spaced method, the UGO components of the elements are placed in different places of the circuit so that the individual circuits of the product are depicted most clearly. Using the spaced method, it is possible to draw both the entire diagram and individual elements.

· When drawing diagrams, the types of lines established by GOST 2.303-68 are used. A solid main line with a thickness of 0.5...1.0 mm depicts UGO, electrical communication lines, frame lines, main inscription, list of elements. A solid thin line is used to emphasize inscriptions, a dashed line is used to depict mechanical connection lines, a conventional image of identical elements connected in series.

· Each electrical element of the product shown in the diagram must be assigned an alphanumeric positional designation in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.710-81. According to the specified GOST, resistors are designated - R, capacitors - C, semiconductor devices - V, switches - S, etc. Serial numbers are assigned to elements, starting from one within a group of elements that have the same letter designations on the diagram, for example, R 1, R 2, R 3... (resistors), S 1, S 2... (switches). Numerical designations are not assigned if the diagram contains only one element of a given name.

The alphanumeric designation of elements is done in 3.5 or 5 font, and the height of letters and numbers must be the same. Serial numbers are assigned to the elements in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of the elements on the diagram from top to bottom in the direction from left to right. Positional designations are placed next to the symbolic graphic designations of the elements on the right side or above them. Alphanumeric symbols can only be printed horizontally.

· It is recommended to indicate on the diagram the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product (frequency, voltage, current, etc.). Therefore, instead of conventional graphic symbols of connectors, a table of input or output data is performed. Each table is assigned a positional designation of the element, instead of the conventional graphic designation with which it is placed.

The first column of the table indicates the connector contact number. In the “Circuit” column, the characteristics of the product’s electrical circuits (frequency, voltage, etc.) are recorded. In Fig. 1a shows the sizes of the input and output data tables and an example of filling. For the convenience of depicting the diagram, the table can be mirrored, as shown in Fig. 1b.

The table is filled out in 3.5 or 5 font. The table of input or output data should be placed only horizontally.

Rice. 1. Sample of input and output data

Rice. 2. Example of a circuit diagram

The circuit is drawn for the device in the disabled state.

Elements of electrical devices are depicted on the diagram in the form of conventional alphabetic and graphic designations, which, if they are repeatedly used in the circuit, are also given a digital positional designation (for example, C2).

The dimensions of the conventional graphic symbols of the circuit elements are given in GOSTs 2.710 - 2.751., 2.755 - 68, where their dimensions are also given.

The thickness of the lines of conventional graphic images of elements (S) is selected in the range from 0.2 to 0.6 mm (when drawn on a natural scale).

The alphanumeric designation of the circuit element (GOST 2.710-81) is placed above its graphic designation, or to the right of it. The font height for letter and positional designations is the same.

The thickness of the outline of all elements of the circuit (including electrical circuits) is exactly the same throughout the entire drawing within the limits of the dimensions indicated earlier.

A sample of the task is shown in Fig. 2.

· the list of elements included in the diagram is made in the form of a table (Fig. 3) and placed on the first sheet of the diagram or executed in the form of an independent document in A4 format. In the latter case, the code for the list of elements must consist of the letter P and the code for the diagram for which the list is issued, for example, the code for the list of elements for the hydraulic circuit diagram - PGZ. At the same time, in the main inscription (column 1) indicate the name of the product, as well as the name of the document - “List of elements”; When making a list of elements on the first sheet of the diagram, it is usually placed above the main inscription. The distance between the list of elements and the main inscription must be at least 12 mm. The continuation of the list of elements is placed to the left of the main inscription, repeating the table header;

Rice. 3. Sample list of elements

· the table of the list of elements is filled in from top to bottom in groups in alphabetical order of letter positional designations: in the column “Pos. Designation" - positional designations of elements, devices and functional groups, in the "Name" column - for the element the name in accordance with the document on the basis of which this element is applied, and the designation of this document, for example, resistor MLT-0, 5-300 kOhm ± 5% GOST 7113-77, in the “Note” column it is recommended to indicate the technical data of the element that is not contained in its name;

Within each group, which has the same letter positional designations, the elements are arranged in ascending order of serial numbers. Elements of the same type with the same parameters, having sequential serial numbers on the diagram, can be written in the list in one line indicating the smallest and largest number, for example, C 8 ... C 12, and in the “Quantity” column - the total number of elements .

When writing elements of the same type, it is allowed not to repeat the name of the element in each line, but to write it in the form of a common name for the corresponding group of elements. The general name records the name, type and designation of the document on the basis of which these elements are applied.

Elements included in independent devices or functional groups are written down in the list of elements separately, starting with the name of the device or functional group, which is written in the “Name” column and underlined, and one free line should be left below the name of the device (functional group), above - at least one free line.

Connection diagram (E4)

The connection diagram (installation) determines the design of the electrical connections of the elements in the product. The diagram shows all the devices and elements included in the product, their input and output elements (connectors, boards, clamps, etc.) and the connections between them. Devices are designated in the form of rectangles or simplified external combinations, elements in the form of conventional graphic symbols established in ESCO standards, rectangles or simplified external combinations.

Input and output elements are represented by conventional graphic symbols. The location of images of input and output or pins inside the graphical symbols of devices and elements should approximately correspond to their actual location in the device or element.

The connection diagram of the radio receiver (Fig. 4,a), in contrast to the circuit diagram (Fig. 4,b), shows the following elements necessary for installation and operation of the product:

XS1 socket for connecting an antenna;

Socket XS1;

Connectors XT1, XT2 for connecting batteries;

Mounting stand X1.

Near the conventional graphic symbols of devices and elements, indicate the positional designations assigned to them on the circuit diagram.

Rice. 4. Examples of diagrams: a – connection diagram,

b – electrical circuit diagram

Layout (E7)

The layout determines the relative location of the component parts of the product, and, if necessary, also harnesses, wires, and cables. The diagram shows the component parts of the product and, if necessary, connections between them, as well as the structure, room or area on which these parts are located. The component parts of the product are depicted in the form of simplified external outlines or conventional graphic symbols, which are placed in accordance with the actual (!) placement of the product parts in the structure or on the ground.

Wires, harnesses and cables are depicted as separate lines, or simplified external outlines.

Near the images of devices and elements their names and types and (or) the designation of the document on the basis of which they are used are placed. If there are a large number of components, this information is recorded in the list of elements. In this case, the component parts of the product are assigned positional designations.

Layout diagrams can be made on sections of the structure, on sections or plans of buildings, or in axonometry.

In Fig. Figure 3 shows an electrical diagram of the location of the welding station, shown in axonometry. The welding station is shown in the interior of the office space.

A layout diagram is a calculation and graphic work performed by students independently in order to consolidate and deepen knowledge and develop the ability to apply the theoretical principles of the discipline being studied and the achievements of science and technology to solve specific practical problems.

The electrical engineering part of the project includes calculation and selection of an electric drive, selection of control and protection equipment, lighting calculations and selection of irradiation installations, calculation of electrical loads, selection of power sources and calculations of external and internal electrical networks.

The project should be based on the production premises and technology from currently existing standard projects. Using the data from these projects, the student is asked to draw up a table of the main technological equipment, in which it is necessary to indicate the serial number of the equipment according to the technological scheme, its name and brand, technical data, data on the electrical equipment of these machines and mechanisms.

Then, on the building plan (you can use the architectural and construction drawings of a standard project) it is necessary to show the location of the electrified technological equipment.

Rice. 5.Electrical equipment layout diagram

For example, electric motors are depicted in circles, with a positional designation next to them (Ml; M2; MZ, etc.), written in the numerator; and the denominator indicates the power in kilowatts (4.0; 7.5; 10, etc.).

In addition to the plan, the drawing contains a specification for the equipment, which is placed above the main inscription; a list (explication) of premises in the form of a table containing, for example, the following columns: “plan number”, “room”, “area, m2”, “category and class of premises according to the nature of the environment”; calculation and installation tables for power and lighting networks, notes, decoding of symbols for wiring routes, lamps, cabinets, etc.

When designing internal electrical wiring, we are guided by the industry standard OST 70.004.0013-81 “Electrical wiring of agricultural production facilities” and PUE.

First, you need to develop a power supply circuit for internal networks and provide a drawing of this circuit in the explanatory note. Then, depending on the nature of the environment, power electrical equipment is placed on the plan: electrical networks for powering electrical receivers and control devices for electric drives.

Familiarization with the implementation of layout diagrams in the course and diploma design process is necessary for students in a number of specialties.

9. Methodological support for the work “Design of electrical

diagram (circuit diagram, connections, location, etc.)”

When performing this work, students are given the following tasks:

1.Familiarize yourself with the rules for graphic design of design documents:

- “Electrical circuit diagram”;

- “Electrical connection diagram”;

- “Electrical layout diagram”.

2. Instill skills in graphic design of diagrams.

3. Instill skills in using regulatory, technical and reference information (GOSTs, OSTs, reference books).

In accordance with the assigned tasks, the student must:

1. Create a diagram with the least number of kinks and intersections of electrical communication lines.

2. Identify electrical and other elements included in the product using GOST ESKD specified earlier.

3. Label the circuit, circuit elements, input and output circuits.

4.Denote identical elements connected in series or parallel.

5. Complete the list of elements.

The task of completing coursework and diploma works on the design of diagrams is relevant, because In connection with complex automation, the proportion of design documents in the form of various diagrams is increasing, and knowledge of the conventions and rules of their design is an integral part of the general training of specialists in the specialty 110302 - Electrification and automation of agriculture.

Bibliography

1. GOST 2.701-84. Scheme. Types and types.

2. GOST 2.702-75. Rules for executing electrical circuits.

3. GOST 2.710-81. Alphanumeric designations in electrical circuits.

4. GOST 2.722-68; GOST 2.723-68; GOST 2.725-68; GOST 2.727-68; GOST 2.747-68; GOST 2.755-84 Symbols in diagrams.

5. Usatenko S.T. Execution of electrical circuits according to ESKD. Directory / S.T. Usatenko, T.K. Kachenyuk, M.V. Terekhova - M., 1989.

6. Kamnev V.N. Reading diagrams and drawings of electrical installations. - M.: Higher. school, 1990.

Applications

List of standards used when implementing schemes

GOST 2.701-84. Scheme. Types and types. General requirements for implementation.

GOST 2.702-75. Rules for executing electrical circuits.

GOST 2.703-68. Rules for executing kinematic schemes.

GOST 2.704-76. Rules for the implementation of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits.

GOST 2.708-81. Rules for the implementation of electrical circuits of digital computer technology.

GOST 2.710-81. Alphanumeric symbols used on electrical circuits.

GOST 2.721-74. Designations for general use.

GOST 2.722-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electric cars.

GOST 2.723-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Inductors, chokes, transformers, autotransformers and magnetic amplifiers.

GOST 2.725-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Switching devices.

GOST 2.727-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Arresters; circuit breakers

GOST 2.728-74. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Resistors; capacitors

GOST 2.729-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electrical measuring instruments.

GOST 2.730-73. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Semiconductor devices.

GOST 2.732-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sources of light.

GOST 2.742-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electric current sources.

GOST 2.743-91. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Elements of digital technology.

GOST 2.747-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Dimensions of conventional graphic symbols.

GOST 2.751-73. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electrical connections, wires, cables and buses.

GOST 2.755-87. Conventional graphic symbols in electrical diagrams. Switching and contact connection devices.

GOST 2.756-76. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sensing part of electromechanical devices.

GOST 12.1.114-82. Conventional graphic designations. Fire engines and equipment.

ST SEV 158-75. Electrical diagrams. General requirements for implementation

ST SEV 527-77. Electrical diagrams. Classification, terms and definitions.

Table P-1

Dimensions of conventional graphic symbols. All geometric elements should be made with lines of the same thickness as the electrical communication lines GOST 2.728-74.

Name	Designation
1. Constant resistor
2. A constant resistor with additional taps: a) one
b) two
3. Variable resistor
4. Variable resistor with two moving contacts
5. Trimmer resistor
6. Functional potentiometer
7. Functional ring closed potentiometer: a) single-winding
b) multi-winding, for example, two-winding
8. Functional ring closed potentiometer with isolated section
9. Fixed capacitor
10. Electrolytic capacitor
11. Reference capacitor
12. Variable capacitor
13. Pass-through capacitor
14. Photoresistor: a) general designation
b) differential
15. Photodiode
16. Photothyristor
17. Phototransistor: a) PNP type
b) NPN type
18. Photocell
19. Photo battery
Table P-2 Dimensions (in a modular grid) of the main graphic symbols
Name	Designation
1. Diode
2. Thyristor diode
3. Triode thyristor
4. Transistor
5. Field effect transistor
6. Field effect transistor with insulated gate

Table P-3

Designations of elements in electrical circuit diagrams

code	element name	designation
A	busbars of high voltage switchgears	or
G GC	generator synchronous compensator
F.V.	arrester

T double-winding transformer T power transformer, two-winding with splitting of the low-voltage winding into two T three-phase three-winding transformer with voltage regulation under load frame grounding

detachable connection collapsible connection communication lines intersecting, not electrically connected electrical communication line with branches

Table P-4

Letters and symbolic graphic designations of electrical circuit elements

Switching and contact connection devices GOST 2.755 - 74

Single-pole switch with normally open contact

SA SB

Button

Single-pole switch with normally open contact

SA SB

Button

Two-pole automatic switch

S.A.

Relay coil

Relay NO contact

Dimensions see item 1

Relay NC contact

Dimensions see item 2

Detachable connection contact (pin)

Detachable connection contact (socket)

Inductors, transformers GOST 2.723-68

Inductor

Transformer with core

See dimensions item 1

Coreless transformer

See dimensions item 1

Resistors, capacitors, fuses GOST 2.728-74

Resistor

Variable resistor

See dimensions item 1

Capacitor

WITH

Electrolytic capacitor

WITH

See dimensions item 3

Variable capacitor

WITH

See dimensions item 3

fuse

See dimensions item 1

Electrochemical current sources GOST 2.742-68

Galvanic or battery cell

Battery made of galvanic or rechargeable cells

G.B.

See dimensions item 1

Light sources GOST 2.732-68

Incandescent lighting

Incandescent signal lamp

H.L.

See dimensions item 1

Photosensitive and light-emitting semiconductor devices GOST 2.730-73

Photoresistor

See dimensions in item 4 and GOST 2.728-74

Photodiode

V.D.

Light-emitting diode

V.D.

See dimensions in item 4 and table in item 2

Luminous flux (symbol dimensions)

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal Agency for Education State educational institution of higher professional education "ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF MECHANICS AND OPTICS" FACULTY OF SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

electrical diagrams

execution rules

Saint Petersburg

Introduction

As part of the “Computer Modeling” discipline, a set of circuit diagrams for a previously created computing device will be developed. Schemes must be drawn up in accordance with GOST rules.

Implementation of the scheme in accordance with GOST implies:

Use of a stamp in accordance with GOST 2.104;

Use of graphic symbols in accordance with GOST 2.721 and GOST 2.743;

Location of UGO and image of electrical interconnection lines according to GOST 2.702;

Arrangement of conventional alphanumeric symbols in accordance with GOSTs 2.702 and 2.710;

Compliance of the circuit with its type and type according to GOST 2.701;

GOST 2.702 “Rules for the execution of electrical circuits” is subject to consideration, since the device is electronic.

The standard in question applies to all electrical circuits and establishes the rules for their implementation.

GOST 2.702 is one of the components that forms the unified system of design documentation (ESKD), a complex of GOSTs that establish interrelated rules, requirements and standards for the development and execution of design documentation.

Terms and Definitions

Interconnection line: A line segment indicating a connection between functional parts of a product.

Element designation(positional designation): A mandatory designation assigned to each part of an object and containing information about the type of part of the object, its number and, if necessary, an indication of the function of this part in the object.

Device: A collection of elements representing a single structure.

Functional group: A set of elements that perform a specific function in a product and are not combined into a single structure.

Functional circuit: A set of elements, functional groups and devices with interconnection lines that form a channel or path for a specific purpose.

Functional part: Element, device, functional group.

Schematic element: A component of a circuit that performs a specific function in a product and cannot be divided into parts that have an independent purpose and their own symbols.

Electric scheme: A document containing, in the form of symbols, the components of a product that operate using electric current, and their relationships.

Types of circuits and their code

All types and types of circuits established by GOST have their own designation in the code in accordance with GOST 2.701, which is formed from a letter indicating the type and a number indicating the type of circuit.

Only the “Electrical” type is subject to consideration, therefore the circuit coding will have the letter “E”.

Depending on the main purpose, electrical circuits are divided into the following types:

Structural – diagrams designed to depict all the main functional parts of the product in the form of UGO and the main relationships between them.

An example of an electrical structural diagram is shown in Figure 1. The diagram contains the functional parts of the product (keyboard encoders for entering hexadecimal and decimal numbers, a unit that cancels the input result when two keys are pressed simultaneously) in the form of a UGO and interconnection lines indicating the direction of the process, in In this case, the data arrives at the keyboard encryptors, from them they go to the blocking node, from which they exit for further transformations.

Picture 1.

Functional – diagrams designed to explain the processes occurring in individual functional circuits of the product or in the product as a whole. The diagram shows the functional parts of the product involved in the process illustrated by the diagram, and the connections between these parts.

An example of a functional electrical diagram is shown in Figure 2. The difference between a functional diagram and a structural diagram is that in a functional electrical diagram, processes that require explanation are expanded to functional parts (elements, devices, functional groups).

In this case, it is necessary to explain how the data enters the hexadecimal keyboard encoder and the double-click blocking node. To do this, the line entering the encoder and the blocking node were deployed.

Figure 2.

Schematic diagrams are designed to depict all electrical elements and devices necessary for the implementation and control of established electrical processes in a product, all electrical connections between them, as well as electrical elements that terminate the input and output circuits.

An example of an electrical circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3. A circuit diagram, unlike a functional or structural one, is not intended to depict ongoing processes, but is used to depict all components of the device.

This diagram shows all the logical elements involved in the processes of converting the positional code into binary and generating a signal indicating the correctness of the input (only one click is allowed), and the electrical interconnection lines between them.

Figure 3.

Connections – diagrams designed to depict all devices and elements included in the product, their input and output elements, as well as connections between these devices and elements.

An example of an electrical connection diagram is shown in Figure 4. Unlike a schematic diagram, which shows all the functional parts of the product and the connections between them, the connection diagram shows all the devices included in the product without expanding them to functional parts, but expanding all the input and output elements and depict the connections between them.

This example shows how the components of a product (computing device) are connected to each other (keyboard encoders, an arithmetic device and an output device).

Figure 4.

Connections – diagrams designed to depict the product, its input and output elements, and the ends of wires and cables for external installation supplied to them.

An example of an electrical connection diagram is shown in Figure 5. The connection diagram differs from the connection diagram in that it does not depict the connection of the devices included in the product, but the input and output elements of the product, intended for connection to external devices not included in the product.

Figure 5.

General – diagrams designed to depict the milestones of devices and elements included in the complex, as well as wires, harnesses and cables connecting these devices and elements.

An example of an electrical connection diagram is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Locations are diagrams intended to depict the component parts of a product, and, if necessary, connections between them - the structure, room or area on which these components will be placed.

An example of an electrical connection diagram is shown in Figure 7. In this example, the diagram shows the components of the cooling system (radiators and a unit attached to the processor) and the system unit case to which they are attached.

Figure 7.

Structural, functional and schematic diagrams are subject to consideration within the framework of this course, since they are basic and mandatory; other types of diagrams will be studied and carried out at the request of the student.