Diploma project - Technology of pyrolysis of hydrocarbon raw materials in tube furnaces - file n1.doc. Specification for instruments and automation equipment Specification for instruments and automation equipment for the pyrolysis process

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1.4. Description of the automation scheme

The content of the explanatory note should reflect and justify the automation decisions that were made when drawing up this automation scheme. It must explain in a concise form what tasks for automating this technological object were set and how they were solved. A detailed description of how the signal passes from the measuring point through the functional blocks to the place where the control action is applied (regulatory body) must be done for one control loop and one control loop. In this case, there is no need to describe the design of devices and regulators, but only indicate what functions they perform. For better orientation, the devices, regulators and auxiliary automation equipment mentioned in the text are given item numbers according to the specification.

For example, we give a description of the temperature control loop (loop 1) of the air defense automation circuit (Fig. 5). The temperature in the upper part of the air cooler is measured with a platinum resistance thermometer TSPU Metran 276 (item 1a). The unified current signal is supplied to the analog input of the MPK TKM-700, where a control action is generated in accordance with the PI regulation law. The current temperature signal is also sent to the PC video terminal. The control action is removed from the discrete output of the MPK and goes to the non-contact reversible starter PBR-2M (item 1b). Then the signal is sent to the control valve with electric drive MEPK (item 1c). The valve is installed on the steam supply line to the air cooler, regulating the steam supply according to the control action, we thereby stabilize the temperature in the upper part of the air cooler at a given level of 100 °C.

Let us give a description of the pressure control circuit on the steam line to the SVA (circuit 3). The pressure on the steam line is measured by a small-sized excess pressure sensor Metran-55DI (item 3a). The unified current pressure signal is sent to the analog input of the MPK TKM-700 and the PC video terminal, where it is analyzed by a process engineer. When a parameter goes beyond the regulatory range of 0.55 ÷ 0.65 MPa, an alarm is provided on the PC video terminal.

If a microprocessor controller is used to automate the technological process, for example, a multifunctional controller "MFK", then the note must indicate the main characteristics of this controller, its information power and through which sensors, converters and actuators the controller is connected to the control object.

Pos number according to the scheme	Name and brief description of the device	Device type	Quantity	Note
Multifunctional controller TKM-700, working in conjunction with a PC
	Temperature converter, measurement range 500  1200 С	Metran 280
	Flanged chamber diaphragm, Р у = 0.6 MPa; d y = 20 mm	DFK - 0.6 - 20
	Differential pressure (flow) sensor, current output signal 4  20 mA	Metran - 150 CD2
	Overpressure sensor, upper limit of measurement 0.2 MPa, current output signal 4  20 mA	Metran - 150 CG3
	Photoelectric sensor
	Flame control unit, which converts the PD sensor signal into a discrete signal when the flame of the burner device goes out; U = 220 V; power 6 VA
	Contactless reversing starter U = 220 V
	Small-sized control valve with electric drive MEPK, P y = 1.6 MPa; d y = 20 mm, t environment = - 40  225 С, body material: stainless steel	KMR.E 101 NJ 20 0.16 R UHL (1)
	Small-sized control shut-off valve with electric drive MEPK, P y = 1.6 MPa; dу = 65 mm, medium t = - 40  225 С, case material stainless steel	KMRO. E 101 NJ 65 10 R UHL (1)
	Small-sized shut-off valve with electric drive MEPK, quick shut-off, P = 1.6 MPa; d у = 20 mm, medium t = - 40  225 С, body material: stainless steel	KMO.E 101 NJ 20 UHL (1)

3.4. Automation in finishing production

In finishing production, the fabric goes through a full cycle of processing: singeing to give the fabric a smooth surface; boiling and bleaching of fabric; dyeing; final finishing to give the fabric a special feel, fullness, or special properties - fire resistance, bactericidal, etc. Fabric processing is carried out on continuous lines, for example, a boiling and bleaching line. Each line consists of machines aggregated together; the fabric moves along the line at a constant, predetermined speed.

The tasks of automation in finishing production are as follows:

1) strict compliance with the technological regulations for the process for the type (article) of fabric in question and, consequently, obtaining products of the best quality;

2) conducting the finishing process at maximum speeds;

3) optimal consumption of impregnating solutions, steam, hot water, cold water, compressed air, etc., taking into account their total quantity to calculate technical and economic indicators;

4) the ability to quickly reconfigure the line (equipment) from one type of fabric (or article) to another;

5) presentation to the process engineer of information about the progress of the technological process, about the state of the equipment in real time on the PC video terminal, output to the printing device of the most important information about the process;

6) providing start-up and shutdown modes for equipment and lines;

7) ensuring trouble-free operation of equipment, which requires recognition of pre-emergency situations; elimination of pre-emergency situations;

8) information from maintenance personnel about the accident and possible risks.

9) in the event of emergency situations, the ability to quickly stop the line (equipment) and preserve the fabric tucked into the line (dilute the impregnating solutions to a safe concentration) until the next start-up.

Currently, finishing enterprises in Russia have two types of lines: domestic (LZO, LOB, LZHO, LMO, etc.), equipped with old local automation; imported (Küsters, Wakayama, etc.) with modern automation using MPC. When completing the “Automation of Production Processes” section of the diploma project, it is recommended to provide a modern set of technical means using MPC for the automation of domestic lines, often equipped with local automation. When automating import lines, it is necessary to select modern domestic automation equipment (MPCs, sensors, regulatory bodies).

Automated finishing production control systems have a number of features. As sensors, along with commonly used temperature, level, pressure, flow sensors, special sensors are used: fabric breakage sensors, meterage sensors, moisture meters for textile materials, fabric speed sensors. Small-sized valves (diameter up to 200 mm) are used as regulating bodies, both with a pneumatic drive (typical for domestic lines) and with an electric drive (typical for imported lines). When choosing regulators for alkalis, acids, and hydrogen peroxide, the aggressiveness of these environments should be taken into account, so valves made of titanium can be used to regulate the supply of an alkaline solution.

To assess the performance of a particular finishing production line per shift, month, quarter, etc. it is necessary to control a number of parameters. These include the speed of movement of the fabric, the footage of fabric at the input and output of the line, the amount of steam, compressed air, hot water, cold water, impregnating, dyeing solutions, the number of fabric breaks, etc. To do this, the lines must be equipped with flow meters, fabric meter meters, speed sensors, etc.

The introduction of automated control systems (ACS) is the most progressive direction in the field of automation. When there is a large distance between technological devices and control panels, it is advisable to use electrical automation equipment. Chemical production is classified as an explosion and fire hazard, and automation is carried out through the use of explosion-proof automation equipment using controllers and personal computers (PCs).

The controller is a multifunctional programmable means of organizing measuring channels. The PC processes the information received from the sensors according to the program embedded in it. Displays the values of the measured parameters on the display. The PC is used, firstly, to facilitate the operator’s work, because processes a large amount of information in a short period of time; secondly, it can play the role of an “advisor”, in which the computer recommends to the operator optimal knowledge of the operating parameters of the process.

The hierarchical structure of the process control system includes:

- 1st level of field instrumentation;
- 2nd level - process control stations;
- 3rd level of operational personnel, based at engineering and process operator stations.
1st level The process control system is implemented on the basis of sensors and actuators. At level 1, sensors of the intelligent series are partially used, and they perform the functions of polling and scaling of measured signals with information transmission via the HART protocol.

Level 2 and 3 technical equipment are located in the control room. Process control stations are implemented on the basis of a DCS controller (distributed control system) that collects information and generates regulatory actions) and an ESD controller (emergency protection system) that allows monitoring violations during the technological process, protecting and blocking devices and generating protective actions. The functions of DCS and ESD are performed by programmable controllers.

The controllers perform the following functions:

- perceive analog, discrete electrical unified signals;
- measure and normalize received signals;
-perform software processing of signals from primary converters and generate analog and discrete control signals;
- display information on the screen;
- controlled using a standard keyboard.

The third level of the process control system is represented by automated workstations for the operator-technologist and operator-engineer. Maintenance of a database, visualization of the state of technological equipment, data processing, generation and printing of reporting documents, manual remote control of technological equipment are provided. The stations are equipped with modern PCs. Information from control and measuring instruments and sensors in the form of analog and discrete signals comes from level 1 to level 2 technical means, which automatically implement the functions of collecting, primary processing of information, regulation, and blocking. The information necessary for monitoring and managing technological processes comes from controllers to the 3rd level - operator stations and stations of chief specialists. Figure 6.1 shows a simplified view of the connections between levels.

Figure 5.1 - Structure of the process control system

The operator's dialogue with the control system is carried out using a color display, keyboard and mouse. The operator station is configured with a user interface for operator interaction with the system. To call up the necessary information, the operator just needs to use the mouse to select an inscription or image of an object on the screen and display the necessary information with one or two manipulations. The keyboard can also be used to obtain the required information. In addition, text and digital information is entered using the keyboard. Messages about violations of warning and pre-emergency limits for analog parameters and operator actions to control technological processes are recorded and printed at the operator’s request. If an analog parameter exceeds the permissible limits, an alarm occurs, or a breakdown in communication with objects via any of the communication channels is indicated at the operator station by an audible alarm and color display of changes on the mnemonic diagrams. The information displayed to the operator on the monitor screen at his request can be of various types:

- a generalized mnemonic diagram representing the entire automation object. From this mnemonic diagram you can go to a detailed mnemonic diagram of any node by selecting it on the screen with the cursor;
- mnemonic diagrams of individual components, displaying part of the technological chain with an indication of the values of analog signals;
- operational trends showing the status of the parameter;
- historical trends that allow you to monitor the state of an analog parameter over long periods (shift, day, month);
- control panels for analog regulators;
- emergency and technological messages.

When choosing a controller, the decisive factors are:

- reliability of input/output modules;
- speed of processing and transmission of information;
- wide range of modules;
- ease of programming;
- prevalence of computer communication interface.

These conditions are met by controllers from Moore Products Company, as well as Allen Bradley SLC 5/04 controllers from Rockwell Corporation (SLC 500 family of small programmable controllers), YS 170 YOKOGAWA controllers and TREI-Multi series controllers (and, of course, a number of our domestic controllers).

This project uses controllers from Moore Products Company: APACS+ controller (DCS subsystem), QUADLOG controller (ESD subsystem).

The APACS+ controller controls the operation of individual units (30-50 control loops), technological sections (150 control loops), and workshops with continuous and periodic processes. The QUADLOG controller also has several modules. The Standard Analog Module (SAM) is part of the I/O module family. It is designed for connecting analog and discrete signals. The SAM module provides high throughput for standard I/O signals (4-20 mA analog inputs, 4-20 or 0-20 mA analog outputs, and digital inputs and outputs).

The QUDLOG controller provides: increased safety characteristics, fault tolerance and output protection; high level of system availability; fault tolerance. The QUDLOG system is fully integrated with the APACS+ process control system. This allows the use of a single operator interface and programming tools, eliminating the need for additional effort in installation, configuration, maintenance and training, as well as in connecting safety and process control systems.

The list of monitored parameters is given in table 5.1

Table 5.1 - List of controlled parameters

The type of automation is indicated in table 5.2

Table 5.2 - Type of automation

Device and parameter	Parameter value and dimension	Type of automation
Measurement	Regulation	Signaling

Ethane-ethylene consumption
EF consumption
Inhibitor consumption
Inlet temperature
Temperature of the convection part P-1
Furnace outlet temperature
Fuel gas consumption
Pressure K-1
Water consumption from K-1

The specification of technical automation equipment is given in Table 5.3

Table 5.3 - Specification of technical automation equipment

Position number on the functional diagram	Name of the medium parameter and impulse sampling location	Limit operating value of parameter	Installation location	Name and characteristics	Type and model	Quantity	Manufacturer or supplier	Note
one device	and all devices

	SAC feed flow rate direct ethane-ethylene fraction				Metran-303 PR, Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 3,
	SAC of ethylene fraction supply flow			Intelligent vortex-acoustic flow transducer, flow meter. Output (4-20)mA/HART; digital HART/Bell; LCD. Range (0.18-2000) t/h; T av = (1-150) 0 C, P and. avg - up to 1.6 MPa, DN = (25-300) mm, submergence 1%.	Metran-303 PR, Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 3,
	SAC of inhibitor supply flow			Intelligent vortex-acoustic flow transducer, flow meter. Output (4-20)mA/HART; digital HART/Bell; LCD. Range (0.18-2000) t/h; T av = (1-150) 0 C, P and. avg - up to 1.6 MPa, DN = (25-300) mm, submergence 1%.	Metran-303 PR, Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 3,
	SAC of raw material temperature at inlet P-1				Metran-281- Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 2,
	temperature of the convection part P-1			Intelligent temperature converter. Output signal (4-20) mA/HART, NSKh K, measured temperature range (-50 +300) 0 C. Add. burial anal signal 1 0 C, digital signal 0.5 0 C.	Metran-281- Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 2, issue 5/2006, page 79.
	ATS of exit temperature from P-1		On the pipe the wire. cubes product	Intelligent temperature converter. Output signal (4-20) mA/HART, NSKh K, measured temperature range (-50 +300) 0 C. Add. burial anal signal 1 0 C, digital signal 0.5 0 C.	Metran-281- Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 2,
	On the coolant supply pipeline	Control valve with pneumatic actuator ATA - 7. Normally open, D y = 100 mm. Maximum pressure drop: 0.6 MPa. Input (4-20) mA. ANSI groove class: VI Accepted throughput coefficient: Cv = 310. Delivery set: electro-pneumatic positioner with two pressure gauges. Explosion protection version ExiaIICT4.	Camflex, series 35-30232 4700E (8013)			Company "DS-Controls", Veliky Novgorod
	SAC fuel consumption in P-1			Intelligent vortex-acoustic flow transducer, flow meter. Output (4-20)mA/HART; digital HART/Bell; LCD. Range (0.18-2000) t/h; T av = (1-150) 0 C, P and. avg - up to 1.6 MPa, DN = (25-300) mm, submergence 1%.	Metran-303 PR, Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 3,
	Pressure regulation in column K-1			Explosion-proof overpressure transmitter with current output (4-20) mA. Pressure drop 25 kPa, k = 0.5. Permissible operating pressure 4 MPa. Power supply 24 V.	Sapphire-22M-DI-Ex			Heat gain." Chelyabinsk
		Secondary single-channel indicating and recording device (milliammeter). Input. (4-20) mA, k = 0.5				Heat gain." Chelyabinsk
	NAO temperature in radiant P-1			Intelligent temperature converter. Output signal (4-20) mA/HART, NSKh K, measured temperature range (-50 +300) 0 C. Add. burial anal signal 1 0 C, digital signal 0.5 0 C.	Metran-281- Exia			PG Metran, Chelyabinsk	Catalog No. 2,

COURSE PROJECT

Automation of a waste tire pyrolysis installation with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper

annotation

The explanatory note contains 55 pages, including 11 sources. The graphic part is made on 5 sheets of A1 format.

The work examines the automation of a waste tire pyrolysis installation with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper.

In this project, the first sheet A1 shows a functional diagram of the automation of a waste tire pyrolysis installation with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper. diagram The second sheet of A1 shows a block for normalizing signals from sensors and inputting them into the computer. The third sheet of A1 shows the microprocessor unit of the control system. The fourth sheet of A1 shows the keyboard block for indicating and generating the interrupt vector. The fifth sheet of A1 shows the signal output device to the MI.

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ........ 5

1 Technological process for automating the installation of pyrolysis of worn tires with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper................................................... .... 6

2 Brief description of existing automation schemes.................................... 7

3 Justification of the necessary structure: automation of the pyrolysis installation of worn tires with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper

4 Description of the developed functional automation diagram: ........... 10

installations for pyrolysis of worn tires with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper...................................................... ........................................................ .................. 12

5 Block for normalizing signals from sensors and inputting them into the computer.................................... 15

6 Microprocessor unit SU.................................................... ............................... 25

7 Keyboard block, indication and generation of interrupt vectors........ 38

8 Device for outputting signals to actuators, plotter and printing 46

9 Algorithms and cyclograms, operation of the automated section 49

Conclusions................................................. ........................................................ ........ 53

List of sources used............................................... .................... 54

Appendix A

Introduction

Automation of technological processes is one of the decisive factors in increasing productivity and improving working conditions. All existing and under construction industrial facilities are equipped with automation equipment to one degree or another. In mass production of products, assembly automation is especially relevant.

Currently, industrial enterprises widely use microprocessor systems to automate technological processes and facilities. This is due to a number of positive features of microprocessors as elements of control devices of automation systems, the main of which are programmability and relatively large computing power, combined with sufficient reliability, small overall dimensions and cost.

The course project presents a functional diagram of the automation of control of the tightness of products with gas using a compensatory method using vibration and a diagram of modules, devices and individual fragments of microprocessor process control systems. This forms the main part of the microprocessor control system.

The microprocessor circuits under consideration make it possible to automate various technological processes or objects. Depending on the production feasibility for a technological process or automation object, the required number of local and remote control systems, regulation, control, alarm and diagnostic systems are selected during normal operation of the equipment and during planned or emergency start-up and shutdown.

The modules and blocks considered in the course project are coordinated to work in conjunction with the KR580IK80A microprocessor. However, almost all circuits of these modules and blocks can be used in the development of a control system using microprocessors KR1810VM86, microcomputer KM1816VM48, etc. In addition, all domestic microcircuits used in the system have their foreign analogues, sometimes distinguished by even better characteristics, in particular in terms of speed and reliability .

1 Automation of control of the pyrolysis installation of worn-out

bunker

Operation of the automated control system for the pyrolysis installation of worn tires with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper, presented on the first sheet of graphic material of the course project. The circuit contains: hopper 1 for loading used tires, heated hopper 2, heat exchanger 3 for heating the atmospheric air supplied to the reactor furnace, flue gases discharged into the atmosphere, fan 4 for removing flue gases into the atmosphere, sensor 1a for the level of worn tires in heated hopper 2, conveyor scraper 5, fan 7 for removing pyrolysis gas from the upper part of the reactor 20, condenser 19 of the liquid fraction from pyrolysis gas, valve 8 for supplying pyrolysis gas to external consumers, valve 6 for loading worn tires in the reactor 20, sensor 2a for the level of worn tires in the reactor, control valves 9 ,13,16, sensor 10a for the flow of pyrolysis gas discharged from the upper part of the reactor, heat exchanger 10 installed inside the reactor to heat the crumbs of worn tires, pipe 11 in the form of a ring with holes in the upper part for supplying recycled gas to the crumbs of worn tires and located below heat exchanger 10, furnace 12 for burning part of the recirculated gas with the supply of combustion products to heat exchanger 10, valve 14 for removing the liquid fraction of pyrolysis of worn tires in the reactor, temperature sensor 7a of crumbs of worn tires in the reactor, reactor 20 of pyrolysis of worn tires, pyrolysis gas pressure sensor 8a in the reactor, sensor 3a for the concentration of the solid pyrolysis residue in the lower part of the reactor, pipe 15 in the form of a ring with holes in the upper part for supplying recycled gas to the crumbs of worn tires and located in the lower part of the reactor, screw conveyor 17, valve 18 for unloading the solid residue of pyrolysis of worn tires tires from the reactor.

2 Brief description of existing schemes

automation

Existing automation schemes include the following:

structural, functional and fundamental.

Block diagram of automation.

When developing an automation project, first of all, it is necessary to decide from which places certain areas of the facility will be controlled, where control points and operator rooms will be located, what should be the relationship between them, that is, it is necessary to resolve the issues of choosing a control structure. The control structure is understood as a set of parts of an automatic system into which it can be divided according to a certain criterion, as well as the ways of transmitting influences between them. A graphical representation of a management structure is called a block diagram.

The block diagram shows in general form the main decisions of the project on the functional, organizational and technical structures of the automated process control system (APCS) in compliance with the system hierarchy and the relationship between control and management points, operational personnel and the technological control object. The principles of organizing the operational management of a technological facility, the composition and designations of individual elements of the structural diagram, adopted when implementing the structural diagram, must be preserved in all project documents for the automated process control system, in which they are specified and detailed.

The block diagram shows:

a) technological units of the automated object (departments, sections, workshops);

b) monitoring and control points (local switchboards, operator and dispatch consoles, etc.);

c) technological personnel and specialized services ensuring operational management and normal functioning of the technological facility;

d) main functions and technical means ensuring their implementation at each control and management point;

e) the relationship between the divisions of the technological facility, monitoring and control points and technological personnel among themselves and with the higher management system.

Functional diagram of automation.

The functional diagram is the main technical document that defines the functional block structure of individual units of automatic monitoring, control and regulation of the technological process and equipping the control object with instruments and automation equipment.

When developing functional diagrams for process automation, it is necessary to decide the following:

Obtaining primary information about the state of the technological process and equipment;

Direct influence on the technological process to control it;

Stabilization of technological process parameters;

Monitoring and registration of technological parameters of processes and the state of technological equipment.

These tasks are solved on the basis of an analysis of the operating conditions of technological equipment, identified laws and criteria for managing the facility, as well as the requirements for the accuracy of stabilization, control and recording of process parameters, for the quality of regulation and reliability.

When developing functional diagrams, technological equipment should be depicted in a simplified manner, without indicating individual technological devices and pipelines for auxiliary purposes. However, the technological diagram depicted in this way should give a clear idea of the principle of its operation and interaction with automation equipment.

Instruments and automation equipment are shown in accordance with

Schematic electrical diagrams.

Schematic electrical diagrams define the complete composition of instruments, devices and devices (as well as connections between them), the operation of which ensures the solution of control, regulation, protection, measurement and signaling problems. Schematic diagrams serve as the basis for the development of other project documents: installation tables of switchboards and consoles, external connection diagrams, etc.

These diagrams also serve to study the operating principle of the system; they are necessary during commissioning and operation.

When developing technological process automation systems, electrical circuit diagrams are usually performed in relation to individual independent elements, installations or sections of the automated system.

Basic electrical circuits of control, regulation, measurement, signaling, power supply, which are part of technological process automation projects, are carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST standards for the rules of circuit execution, conventional graphic symbols, circuit markings and alphanumeric designations of circuit elements.

3 Justification of the required structure:automation

control of the installation of pyrolysis of worn tires with heat

exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper

Rational management and improvement of processes and their implementation in modes close to optimal cannot be achieved without automation of these processes.

However, determining the economic optimum in the presence of a number of technological limitations and variable production conditions (method and type of assembly) is an extremely difficult task. Options for automation schemes must be selected depending on the type of production, configuration and overall dimensions of the assembled products, etc.

Using automation tools widely used in domestic industry, it is possible to fully automate the entire assembly process, including such auxiliary operations as loading components and transporting them to the assembly site. This task is achieved by using the automation of the assembly process of microprocessor computers. A wide range of hardware and extensive experience in creating microprocessor-based automatic control systems make it possible to fully automate the assembly of products.

Advantages of microprocessor control systems:

1) the volume of information about the control object increases many times;

2) control from a microprocessor control system is carried out according to calculated parameters, and not according to individual parameters, according to complex control algorithms;

3) the quality of control improves in terms of accuracy and speed, and the stability of the system increases;

4) the functional diagram of automation using MCS is actually one control system that contains many subsystems;

5) it is possible to connect the MSU to a higher-ranking computer.

When developing a functional automation diagram, the entire system is divided into a number of subsystems depending on the function performed.

There are subsystems of local, remote control, alarm and control.

In this course project, it is necessary to develop automatic control of a waste tire pyrolysis installation with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper. It is required to provide in the project:

A system for automatically controlling the pressure and amplitude of variable pressure in the reactor by changing the supply of recirculated gases to the lower part of this reactor;

System for automatic control of material level in the reactor;

Automatic control system for unloading solid pyrolysis residue from the bottom of the reactor;

A system for automatically controlling the temperature of pyrolysis of worn tires in the reactor by changing the supply of part of the pyrolysis gas to the furnace;

A system for automatically controlling the level of material in a heated bunker;

A system for automatic control of the flow of pyrolysis gases leaving the upper part of the reactor and the dynamic flow of recirculated gases in the reactor;

4 Description of the developed functional diagram

automationcontrol of the pyrolysis installation worn-out

busbars with heat exchangers in the reactor and supply

bunker

The first sheet of graphic material for the course project shows

automation scheme for monitoring the pyrolysis installation of worn tires with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper, which contains:

1 - hopper for loading worn tires;

2 - heated bunker;

3 - heat exchanger;

4 - fan for removing flue gases into the atmosphere;

5 - scraper conveyor;

6 - valve for loading worn tires into the reactor;

7 - fan for removing pyrolysis gas from the upper part of the reactor 20;

8 - valve for supplying pyrolysis gas to external consumers;

9, 13, 16 - regulating dampers;

10 - heat exchanger;

11 - a pipe in the form of a ring with holes in the upper part for supplying recirculated gas to the crumbs of worn tires and located below the heat exchanger 11 of the reactor;

12 - furnace for burning part of the recirculated gas with the supply of combustion products to heat exchanger 11;

14 - valve for removing the liquid fraction of pyrolysis of worn tires in the reactor;

15 - a pipe in the form of a ring with holes in the upper part for supplying recirculated gas to the crumbs of worn tires and located in the lower part of the reactor;

17 - screw conveyor;

18 - valve for unloading solid residue from the pyrolysis of worn tires from the reactor;

19 - condenser of the liquid fraction from pyrolysis gas;

20 - waste tire pyrolysis reactor.

This system contains:

1) an automatic pressure control system in the reference container, which includes the following elements:

Heated bunker (2);

Level transducer (1a);

A level converter installed on the switchboard (1c), which limits the signal to max and multiplies it by k times, and also converts the analog signal into a discrete one;

Valve (1k);

Reversible actuator (1g);

2) a system for automatically controlling the level of material in the reactor, which includes the following elements:

Reactor (20);

Level transducer (2a);

A level converter installed on the switchboard (2v), which limits the signal to max and multiplies it by k times, and also converts the analog signal into a discrete one;

Damper for loading worn tires into the reactor (2k);

Reversible actuator (2g);

3) an automatic control system for unloading solid pyrolysis residue from the bottom of the reactor, which includes the following elements:

Reactor (20);

Concentration transducer (3a);

A concentration converter installed on the switchboard (3c), which limits the signal to max and multiplies it by k times, and also converts the analog signal into a discrete one;

Reversible actuator (3g);

4) a system for automatically controlling the pressure and amplitude of variable pressure in the reactor by changing the supply of recirculated gases to the lower part of this reactor, which includes the following elements:

Pressure transducer (8a);

A concentration converter installed on the switchboard (8v), which limits the signal to max and multiplies it by k times, and also converts the analog signal into a discrete one;

Valve (8k);

Reversible actuator (8g);

5) a system for automatically controlling the temperature of pyrolysis of worn tires in the reactor by changing the supply of part of the pyrolysis gas to the furnace, which includes the following elements:

Temperature measuring transducer (9a);

A concentration converter installed on the panel (9v), which limits the signal to max and multiplies it by k times, and also converts the analog signal into a discrete one;

Valve (9k);

Reversible actuator (9g);

6) a system for automatic control of the flow of pyrolysis gases leaving the upper part of the reactor and the dynamic flow of recirculated gases in the reactor, which includes the following elements:

Flow measuring transducer (10a);

A concentration converter installed on the panel (10V), which limits the signal to max and multiplies it by k times, and also converts the analog signal into a discrete one;

Valve (10k);

Reversible actuator (10g);

Fan for removing pyrolysis gas from the upper part of the reactor 20.

5 Block for normalizing signals from sensors and inputting them into

The purpose of the block follows from its name. This block does:

Coordination of voltage and power signals coming from the measuring transducer (sensor) and supplied to the computer;
Alternate input of analog signals into the computer via switches

and one ADC, as well as input of discrete signals for interrupt controller signaling and others.

The block for normalizing sensor signals and inputting them into the MSU includes:

Module for limiting analog signals to the maximum and selecting the required sensitivity of analog measuring transducers on resistors R1 - R29 (odd numbers), R2 - R30 (even numbers) and zener diodes DV1 - DV15;

Analog signal amplification and filtering modules E1.1 - E1.15;

Modules for generating initiative signals from analog sensors E2.1 - E2.4;

Modules for inputting discrete signals into the MSU E.3.1 - E3.13;

Module of switches, ADC and parallel interface for input of analog signals from IP and MSU;

Connectors XI, X2, X3, X6, X7, X8, X9.

Connector X1 contains electrical circuits D0 - D7, A0, A1, I/OR and I/OW and others and provides control of the operation of the parallel interface DD10, ADC DD11 and switches DD6, DD7. All these devices are included in a module called “Module of switches, ADC and parallel interface for input of analog signals from the IP to the MSU.” Connector X2 with communication lines 12 - VK107 and P1.5 - READY external is also connected to the same module.

Connector X3 outputs initiative analog signals from comparators E2.1 - E2.4. These signals are designated IR5 - IR8 for subsequent connection to the inputs of interrupt controllers.

Connector X6 is intended for connecting analog sensors. Analog signals from sensors must have a current output of 0-5 mA. On the input connector X, indicate the designation of the measuring transducer (sensor), or signal converter, from which the signal is supplied to the MSU.

5.1 Module for amplification and filtering of analog signals

To amplify analog signals from measuring transducers, as well as to reduce signal ripple and prevent the passage of oscillations with a frequency of 50 and 100 Hz into the MSU, input modules for amplifying and filtering analog signals E1.1 - E1.12 are used. The expanded circuit of the module contains three operational amplifiers DA1 - DA3 type K140UD1V, a notch (stop) T-shaped RC - bridge filter tuned to 50 Hz, and a T-shaped low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 5.0 Hz.

Amplifiers DA1 - DA3 have two inputs, direct and inverse. To amplifier DA1, the input signal is supplied to the inverse input. Positive feedback is provided through resistor R52. At the output of amplifier DA1, the signal is inverted. Inverting the signal provides additional maximum signal limitation. To the DA2 amplifier, the input signal goes to the direct input, and the feedback signal goes to the inverse input, which provides negative feedback (improving the quality of the output signal).

Amplifier DA3 is connected similarly to amplifier DA1 with positive feedback through capacitor C6. Resistors R51, R57, R62 are resistors for shifting the operating point of the amplifiers. Resistors R52, P.58, R60, R61 provide feedback for DC signals, and capacitors C4 and C6 provide feedback for AC signals.

Resistors R1 and R2 are designed to form the operating point potential at the input of the K155LN1 type DD5.1 microcircuit and for its clear operation when the contact state of a discrete sensor or other device connected to communication line 1 changes. When the contact connected to communication line 1 is open and does not connect communication line 1 to the module body, then at the output of the module in line 140 U=1, and when this contact is closed and communication line 1 is connected to the module body, then in line 140 U= 0 . The values of the logical signals at the module output are coordinated for operation in circuits with the KR560IK80A microprocessor.

Capacitor C1 is designed to eliminate false alarms of the DD5.1 microcircuit, that is, it protects the module from “bouncing” of the contact that is connected to communication line 1.

Resistor R3 is designed to remove potential from communication line 140 to the housing when the output of element DD5.1 switches to the zero state.

At the output of amplifier DA3, a T-shaped low-pass filter is installed (passes low frequencies to the output) on resistors R59 and R61 and capacitor C5.

When automating technological processes, it is sometimes necessary to convert passive analog signals entering the MCS through amplification and filtering modules into initiative signals. Such a need arises, for example, when organizing light and sound signaling or when switching to a subroutine to implement the necessary technological regulations. For each adjustable parameter, when developing automation and control systems, four signals are usually provided. The first two signals are output to signal that the value of the controlled parameter is higher or lower than the recommended limit, that is, it is used as a warning signal about the deviation of process parameters from the normal course. The second pair of signals provides an emergency alarm, which is output either only to the control panel, or also carries out emergency switching of actuators or drives of technological equipment. In addition to alarm signals, one or more initiative signals of various levels can be generated from each of the analog sensors.

In order for the MCS to perform operations of turning on or off technological equipment based on initiative signals from analog sensors, the signals from these sensors in the designed control system must be supplied to the inputs of interrupt controllers.

The analog signal from the analog measuring transducer is supplied to the inverse input of the differential amplifier DA1 type K140UD6. The required input signal level at which amplifier DA1 should operate and change the logical signal at the output is set by resistors R66 and R67. Resistors R66 and R67 are connected to each other as voltage dividers connected to a +5 V power source. From the point where these resistors are connected to each other, potential is transferred to the direct input of amplifier DA1.

Since the signal from the measuring transducer is supplied to the inverse input of amplifier DA1, then when the input signal is greater than the specified electrical potential by resistors R66 and R67, a logical signal equal to one appears at the output of the initiation signal generation module. If the signal from the measuring transducer is less than the specified potential by resistors R66 and R67, then a signal equal to logical zero is generated at the module output. Resistor R65 provides leakage of electric current to the housing from line 89 (leakage resistor from the base of the amplifier input transistor). Resistor R68 and diode VD27 provide feedback signal transmission, and resistor R69 provides a buffer, smoothing output signal.

Zener diode VD2 limits the output voltage of the initiative signal generation module to a maximum value of 5 V.

5.2 Module for converting analog signals from sensors to

digital codes and entering them into MSU

Contains a parallel interface DD10 (K580IK55), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC DD11 (K1113PV1A), amplifier DD9 (K140UD1A) and two switches (multiplexers) DD6, DD7 type K590KM6. Each of these multiplexers can connect to ADC from 1 to 8 analog sensors. 15 analog sensors are connected to the designed MSU, so we use 2 multiplexers.

When using one to four multiplexers and one parallel interface in the designed MSU, ports A and C (16 channels) of this parallel interface are used to control the multiplexers, and port B is used to input signals from the ADC.

The multiplexer contains an eight-bit switch 8-1 (8 in 1) for eight input lines I0 - I7 and output line O and a decoder 3-8 (3 in 8) with address inputs A0, A1, A2 and a permission signal input EN. Thus, the code at the address inputs of the decoder determines which of the input lines I0 - I7 of the multiplexer will be connected to the output line of the multiplexer O.

The analog-to-digital converter DD11 type K1113PV1A has the following pins: D0 - D9 - pins of a 10-bit signal code (for 9-bit processors any 8 pins are used); I - analog signal input; GND, GND - analogue output zero I digital output zero, 0 - digital code register shift control signal to zero; CLR/RX - a low level signal at this output indicates readiness to receive data from the ADC to external devices (this signal comes from DD10); A low-level RDY signal at this output indicates the readiness of data at outputs DO - D9 (this signal is issued by the ADC and is sent via line P1.5 to the microprocessor).

The essence of the operation of the module for converting analog signals from sensors into digital codes and entering them into the MCS is as follows. Upon command from the timer, the interrupt controller is triggered and transfers the microprocessor (MP) to servicing a specific group of sensors by entering information from them into the MSU. Using this subroutine, the MP transmits to the parallel interface DD10 all the necessary control words for programming its ports A, B and C, and also outputs a code to port I (A0 - A7) and port C (CO - C2) to enable the signal path from the sensor to the ADC using switches.

In this case, the RSZ signal is also supplied from DD10 to the switch DD7 and the ADC DD11. Thus, the analog signal enters the ADC and is converted into a digital code. At this point, the MP also opens the path for the passage of digital code from the ADC through port B of DD10 in the MP and the MP goes into the mode of waiting for the RDY signal from the ADC that data is exposed to the bus. After receiving the RDY signal via line P1.5, the MP returns from the subroutine to the original program.

Connector X7 is intended for input of discrete signals.

Connector X8 provides output of discrete signals from discrete signal input modules E3.1 - E3.13 for signaling or regular interlocking (without interrupt controllers of the microprocessor control system).

Through connector X9, signals from analog sensors are output through comparators E2.1 - E2.4 to an alarm or in a blocking circuit.

5.3 Module for limiting analog signals to maximum and

selection of the required sensitivity of the measuring

converters

The IP presented on sheet 2 contains resistors R1 - R29 (odd numbers), R2 - R30 (even numbers) and zener diodes VD1 -VD15.

The measured pressure Pin is supplied to the IP, and the output of the IP is connected to resistor R1. Current flows through resistor R1 from the pressure source and creates a voltage drop. Using resistor R1, the required value of the output signal U out is formed. The ratio of the change in the output signal of the MT to the change in the input parameter represents in this example the sensitivity of the pressure transducer. Moving the slider of resistor R1 changes the sensitivity of the IP. To prevent the passage of a signal higher than the permissible value into the MSU, a zener diode VD1 is installed between lines 45 and 0V. It passes current from line 45 to line 0V if the voltage difference exceeds 4.5V.

5.4 Entering data from analogue PIs into the MSU memory

Data entry from analog PIs into the MSU memory is carried out according to subroutines to which the central processor switches.
The microprocessor transition to a subroutine can occur when:

a) if the subroutine is called by the main program;

b) a specified period of time passes for entering information, usually determined by a timer;

c) initiative signals are received from analog or discrete sensors through the interrupt controller;

d) on the instructions of the operator.

Data input from analogue PIs into the MSU can occur without sampling and storage systems both in the CP and with such systems. Sampling and storage systems are used when it is necessary to record rapidly changing processes.
Data transfer from the IP can occur byte-by-byte using parallel interfaces (KR580IK55) or bit-by-bit using serial interfaces (KR580IK51).
Programmable parallel interface (PPI) (KR580IK55) PPI has three ports A, B, C, which are combined into 2 groups:

a) group A - includes port A and C4-C7 port C;

b) group B - port B and C0 - C3 port C.

In addition to port registers A, B and C, PPI has a control word register RUS. This is a 2-byte register, i.e. 16-bit. It can be written:

a) the first byte is a control word of the first type;

b) a control word of the second type is written to the second byte.

The PPI control unit has the following terminals:

RD - data reading; WR - data recording; CS - crystal selection;

RES - reset. This signal resets all registers A, B, C to zero and RUS sets all ports A, B, C to input. A0, A1 - address inputs - low-order addresses of the microprocessor address bus. Access to ports is specified in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 - Parallel interface port programming

			Purpose
			Port A-input/output
			Port B-I/O
			Port C-input/output
			Recording in RUS

PPI can be programmed and operate in one of 3 modes:

a) mode 0 - main (simple) mode of information input and output;

b) mode 1 - gated mode of information input and output;

c) mode 2 - bidirectional bus mode.

To initialize the PPI, two types of control words are used:

a) US of the first type or operating mode US;

b) US of the second type or US of bit manipulation.

The format of the first type of control system is:

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

D7=1 - for control system of the first type;

D6, D5 - mode 0 - 00, mode 1 - 01, mode 2 - 10;

D4 - port A (PA7 - PA0): input - 1, output - 0;

D3 - port C (PC7 - PC4): input - 1, output - 0;

D2 - group B: mode 0 - 0, mode 1 - 1;

D1 - port B (РВ7 - РВ0): input - 1, output - 0;

D0 - port C (PC3 - PC0): input - 1, output - 0.

Format of the second type of control system:

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

D7=0 - for control system of the first type;

D6, D5, D4 - zeros are always entered;

D3, D2, D1 are equal to N2, N1 and N0, respectively - the binary number of the bit of port C:

Table 2 - Programming the C port of the parallel interface


								Port C bit

US for DD10 (sheet 2) parallel interface for entering information from analogue power supplies:
Port A - works to output information, namely, along lines PC0 - PC2, one of 8 sensors is selected along lines 89-96 (DD6). PC3 activates DD6. Along lines PA4-PA6, one of the sensors 97-100, 111 is selected and RA activates DD7.
The pins of port A and port C (C7 - C4) are not used.

12.3. Port B (РВ0 - РВ7) works to input information from the ADC DD11 and further into the MP.

12.4. The operating mode of all ports is mode 0.

12.5. The first type of control system has the form:

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0: 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

12.6. Port addressing for the VK 107 signal from the first stage decoder: port A - E000N; port B - E001H; port C - E002N; RUS - E003N.

12.7. data from sensors will be stored in RAM4 starting from address 8С00Н (8С00Н - 1000 1100 0000 0000), see Table 3. For each sensor, one byte of memory is allocated to store one byte of data.

Table 3 - Addressing sensor lines

12.8. Subroutine for entering data from the position sensor RT-1v via line 89 into RAM4 at address 8С00Н (and at address 8С01Н for IP via line 90) using the DD10 PPI.

MVI A, 8AH; - load the 1st type US code into the battery = 8AN.

OUT E003H; - output the US code to the RUS DD10 register.

MVI A, F8H; - entering the number code for port C into the MP battery so that

select the path for signal input via line 89 via DD6.

PC0 - PC3 and signal flow along line 89.

OUT E002H; - output to port C code 0FH. If the MP has done this,

then the data from the sensor goes to the ADC, and the MP

expects the RDY signal from the ADC via line P1.5 to its

READ input (data ready), i.e. if RDY=1, then MP

enters data from port B. DD10 using the IN command, i.e.

The following commands LXI, N occur.

ADC battery.

MOV M, A; - transfer data from the battery to the memory cell via

address HL, (8С00Н).

MVI A, F9H; - entering the number code for port C into the MP battery so that

select the path for signal input via line 90 via DD6.

OUT E000H; - output code F8H to port C at address E000H.

MVI A, 0FH; - entering the number code for the junior group into the accumulator

PC0 - PC3 and signal flow along line 90.

OUT E002H; - output to port C code 0FH. If the MP has done this, then

data from the sensor arrives at the ADC, and the MP waits

from the ADC of the RDY signal via line P1.5 to its READ input

(data is ready), i.e. if RDY=1, then MP enters

data from port B. DD10 by IN command, i.e. is happening

the following commands LXI, N.

LXI H, 8С00Н; - load the address of memory cell 8С00Н into the MP register H and L,

where the data from the sensor will be sent.

IN E001H; - input from port B, its address E001H, numbers from the ADC in

ADC battery.

MOV M, A; - transfer data from the battery to the memory cell at the address

Microprocessor unit SU
- Input control signals to the MP

RES - reset signal from external devices, this signal in the MP sets the command counter to 0, and also resets the interrupt enable triggers and seizes the buses;

RDY - readiness signal, comes from the computer to the MP. The signal U=1 indicates that the external device has sent data to the SD, or that the host is ready to receive data;

HOLD - the U=1 signal from the host indicates that the host is requesting to seize the system buses (data and address);

INT - signal input request for interruption from the computer.

Output control signals on MP

HLDA - tire capture confirmation, i.e. MP issues U=1 and allows tire capture. This is a response to a HOLD request;

WI - waiting signal. MP issues U=1 and goes into standby mode;

INTE - interrupt enable signal output at U=1. Response to request INT;

DBIN - receive signal output, i.e. when U=1 at this output, the MP indicates that it goes into the receiving mode, reading data from the computer or RAM memory, ROM;

WR - signal output, recording, i.e. when U=0, the MP produces a byte of information for writing to the computer or memory;

SYN - synchronization signal. The U=1 signal accompanies the beginning of each MP operation cycle;

CL1, CL2 - phase 1 and phase 2 input from the signal generator.

Formation of main control signals in MCS

When using MP, it is necessary to clearly understand its dynamics

work, i.e. relationship between program - command - control signals. Namely:

A computer program consists of commands.
A command is one or more actions.
a command typically executes in 1 to 5 machine cycles.
machine cycle (M) is the time required to retrieve 1 byte of information from memory or execute one instruction that is one machine word long.
a machine cycle consists of 1 - 5 machine cycles. The MP operates in clock cycles, using signals from the clock generator.
There are 10 different types of machine cycles in the MP.
The first machine cycle when executing any MP command is cycle M1 - extracting the command code.
The first clock cycle in the first cycle of M1 and in each subsequent cycle is always the cycle of the MP output to the data highway of the 8-bit status word (SS).
The purpose of each digit in the word state and the form of the SS are given in the table. O - signal output from register DD12. The MP, using its signals from the RSS, actually controls all operations.

Table 4 - Microprocessor operating algorithm for each of 10 operating cycles

MSU address decryptors

In the MSU, access to all memory cells of RAM, ROM, and VU is performed using address decoders. Everyone has their own address.

In the MSU, decoders are divided into two stages: A15 - A12 - (DD1 decoder) - process the 4 most significant bits of the address line, i.e. this is the first stage of decryptors in the MSU; A11 - A0 - the second stage of address decoders in the MSU. A11-A10 - these 2 bits are processed by decoders DD6 and DD5. A9 - A0 - some of these bits, together with DD1, are used to access timers, interrupt controllers, as well as interface ports, timers. This is also the second stage of the decoder.

First stage address decoder

The KR580IK80A microprocessor has an address bus containing 16 lines, that is, a 16-bit address bus A0 - A15. The senior digits are A15, A14, and the minor ones are A1, A0. The designed MSU mainly uses a two-level addressing structure. The decoder - demultiplexer K155ID3 (DD1) - was selected as the decoder of the first stage DD1. It converts the binary code supplied to four inputs 20 - 23 into a unary (single) signal at one of the outputs 0 - 15, that is, it is a 4 to 16 decoder. The decoder enable signals are supplied to inputs EN1 and EN2. The structure of the decoder - demultiplexer K155ID3 contains 4 inverters, 16 logical AND elements for 5 inputs and one NAND element for two inputs.

The four most significant bits of the address A15 - A12 from the microprocessor along lines 3 - 6 are connected to inputs 20 - 23 of the first stage decoder DD1. Depending on the code at these inputs, a low level is generated at one of the DD1 outputs. These signals are sent to the following elements:

Signals 12 and 13, as well as signals 16 and 17, are fed to control second-stage decoders DD5 and DD6 to generate access signals to ROM and RAM chips, respectively. Signals 12 and 16 additionally pass through inverters DD14.6 and DD15.4 on communication lines 42 and 110.

Signal 107, through a connector labeled VK107, is supplied to the parallel interface DD10, which serves the ADC and input switches.

Signal 108 with the inscription on the VK108 connector is sent to the address decoders for selecting interrupt controllers located in the keyboard and display unit.

Signal 18 is supplied to an additional third interface (if necessary) for outputting signals to actuators.

Signal 19 is supplied to the parallel interface DD6 for outputting information (signals) to the IM and to the plotter.

Signal 105 is supplied to the parallel interface DD1 for outputting information from the MSU to the IM and printing. Signal 106 is sent to timer decoders.

Dual decoderDD5, DD6

In the designed MSU, these microcircuits are used as stage 2 decoders, namely, access to memory ROM1 - ROM8 via DD5; RAM1 - RAM8 via DD6.
After turning on the power to the MSU, U=0 signals are received on all lines of address A0 - A15 from MP DD2. Signals from A12 - A15 are supplied to the 1st stage decoder DD1. With zero values at these 4 outputs at output DD1, on line 12 U=0, and at all others U=1.

Table 5 shows the operation of the decoder - demultiplexer type K155ID4. Zeros indicate low-level signals that appear at the outputs of the decoder depending on the permission signals and signals at the address inputs. Single states of decoder outputs are not marked in the table. From the status table it can be seen that the second group of signals is not generated at the output of the low-level signal decoder, and the third group generates low-level signals at two outputs simultaneously. Thus, the operating state of the decoders in the designed MSU will be ensured by a combination of input signals of the first and fourth groups.

Table 5 - States of the decoder - demultiplexer type

The signal along line 12 U=0 passes through the DD14.6 inverter and through line 110 goes to input EN1 as a signal U=1. At the second output DD1 and in line 13 U=1. This signal goes to EN2 DD5; That. signals equal to 1 are sent to both inputs EN1 and EN2. Then, according to the state table, access to outputs 1.0 - 1.3 will be provided, or access to ROM1 - ROM4.
On lines A10 - A11 MP U=0. These lines pass through the address buffer DD16 on lines 48 and 49. These lines go to inputs A0, A1 of DD5 or DD6. With zero values on these lines, according to the table, there will be access to output 1.0, i.e. to ROM1. Thus, after turning on the system, after power is applied, ROM1 is immediately accessed, where there may be the address of some subroutine that is automatically executed. For example, routines for the system’s readiness to perceive data.
If the MP issues code 0001 on lines A15 - A12. This code goes to the decoder DD1 and then at the output O2 and in line 13 U = 0, and in all other lines and in line 12 DD1 U = 1. Signal 12 is an inverter DD14.6, therefore on both inputs EN1, EN2 DD5 U=0, according to the table there will be access to outputs 2.0 - 2.3 or depending on the code on lines A0, A1 along lines 48, 49 from address lines A10, A11 DD16 , there will be access to ROM5 or ROM8. Similarly, there is access to RAM1, RAM5 using signals from lines 16 and 17 (outputs 9 and 10 of DD1). The signal along line 16 passes through the “AND - NO” element DD15.4 to the second input of this element, power is supplied, i.e. output 42 will be 0 if power is applied.

Thus, depending on the low level of the signal from the first stage decoder DD1 in one of lines 12, 13, 16 or 17, one of four groups of output signals DD5 and DD6 is selected: ROM1 - ROM4 or ROM5 - ROM8 and RAM1 - RAM4 or RAM5 - RAM8. Depending on the code at the address inputs, lines 48 and 49 generate a low-level signal at one of the four outputs of one of these four groups of outputs. Access to the RAM crystals is terminated after removing the electrical power from the DD15.4 element.

Address bus buffers

The information that is issued by the MP on the address and data bus goes to many devices: RAM, ROM and VU, interfaces. However, the MP outputs, including the KR580IK80A, allow relatively low current consumption from them. It follows that one device can be connected to one MP output, so the address and data buses connect buffers. To build such buffers, bus shapers are used.

Bus drivers KR580VA86 and KR580VA87 are used as an address buffer in the MSU. In the developed control system, K155LP10 microcircuits are used as MP address buffers. Each of these chips includes six repeaters with three output states, that is, six Z-follower buffers.

Sheet 3 shows a diagram of connecting three buffers DD13, DD16 and DD19 to the MP address line. From the MP, address outputs A15 - A0 are supplied to the inputs of buffers DD13, DD16 and DD19, and at their output an address bus with lines 3 - 6, 48, 49, 90 - 99 is formed.

The outputs of the buffer DD19 3 - 6 (as mentioned above) are supplied to the input of the first stage decoder DD1, outputs 48, 49 from DD16 are supplied to the address inputs of the second stage decoders for ROM and RAM DD5 and DD6, and the remaining outputs are supplied to the general machine connector X2. Line 85 receives a signal from the direct memory access (DAM) circuit from element DD3, where it is formed, equal to 0 or 1. For buffers DD13, DD16 and DD19, the signal on line 85 is a z-signal for z-buffers. If a z=1 signal is received via line 85, then all outputs of the address buffers are switched to a high-resistance state, the address bus is disconnected from the microprocessor, and is used for direct memory access. If the signal on line 85 is zero, then normal operation of the address bus with the MP occurs.

Data bus buffers

The microprocessor control system uses two data bus buffers DD7 and DD11, made on KR589AP16 bus drivers. The SD in the MSU is 8-bit, and the buffers are 4-bit, so 2 buffers are used, operating in parallel.

These buffers are bidirectional, meaning they can pass signals from the MP to the data bus or vice versa from the data bus to the MP. Buffers of type K5879AP16 have 4 I/O pins (I/O0 - I/O3). These pins are connected to the system-wide data bus for the MSU and through them data can flow in both directions, and there are also two groups of 4 pins through which data flows in only one direction. Namely: four inputs I0 - I3, ensure the passage of data from the MP to the buffer (and then to the data bus) and four outputs O0 - O3, through which data from the buffer (and from the data bus) enters the MP. The direction of data movement through the buffer is set by the signals supplied to its CS and SEL inputs.

Buffer K589AP16 contains 8 controlled z-buffers, four of which ensure the passage of data in one direction, four others in the opposite direction, a logical element with two NAND-NOT inputs for generating a control signal z1 for four z-buffers and an AND-NO element for generating a control signal z2 by another four z-buffers, as well as resistors R23 - R26, through which power is supplied to the data bus line.

The buffer works as follows. If the control inputs are supplied with signals via lines 47 and 11 CS=0 and SEL=0, then z1=0, and z2=1 and data

pass from inputs I0 - I3 (from the MP) to outputs I/O0 - I/O3 (to the data bus). If the signals are CS=0, SEL=1, then z1=1, and z2=0 and the data passes from the I/O0 - I/O3 pins (from the data bus) to the O0 - O3 pins (and then to the MP). The CS signal on line 47 passes through many elements, but comes from the MP from the HLDA output, and the SEL signal on line 11 also passes through many elements from the MP from the DBIN output (data reception or output).

Status word register and output data register

indicator segments

The status word register (SW) is designed to receive a status word code (SS) from the MP at the beginning of each cycle of its operation, record and store it throughout the entire cycle, and also to issue (according to the status word) the necessary control signals. These signals, together with the microprocessor control signals, carry out all device switching operations in the MSU during its operation.

A multi-mode buffer register (MBR) DD12 type K589IR12 is used as a status word register in the MSU. It has: 10 - 17 - signal (information) inputs; CS1, CS2 - crystal selection inputs; MD - mode selection input; EW - strobe input; R - reset; INR - output of the extended input (inverted) strobe.

The MBR as a PCC is enabled in the first mode, in which the MD input is grounded and CS2=1, that is, in this mode CS1=0, CS2=1 and MD=0. When a strobe arrives from the MP at the EW input, that is, when EW = 1, the status word is written (latched) in the register. A strobe from the MP arrives at the PCC at the beginning of each cycle.

A multi-mode buffer register of the K589IR12 type is also used in the MSU as a data register output to indicator segments, DD8. In this case, the MBR is turned on in the second mode, in which EW = 0 and MD = 1 (since this input is connected to line 79, which is supplied with power F near trigger DD3). Based on the strobe arriving at the CS1 input and a signal equal to 1 from line 17 to CS2 from the direct memory access device (DAM), register DD8 latches the data arriving at inputs 10 - 17.

Writing data to memory (RAM) or external device (ED)

The generation of signals for writing data to memory (RAM) or a computer is shown on sheet 3. The microprocessor is designated DD2, the status word register is DD12.

It is known that when writing data to RAM or memory, the MP outputs WR U=0. The status word register DD12, based on the status word, which is memorized by it at the beginning of each cycle from the MP, produces a U=1 signal at output O4 when writing to the RAM and a U=0 signal when writing to RAM.

If U=1 is output at the O4 DD12 output, and U=0 at the WR output, then U=0 at the DD17.1 output will record to the host device (at the DD17.2 output in this case, U=1). If the signal U=0 is issued at the output O4 of DD12, while saving at the output WR U=0, then at the output of DD17.2 U=0 (and at the output of DD17.1 U=1) and data is written to RAM.

Synchronization of the operation of the MP and the status word register and

formation of a status word strobe

This circuit includes a clock generator, a DD20.2 trigger and a DD14.5 inverter. A 4 MHz clock generator produces signals with a frequency of 4 MHz at output 2, and at outputs 9 and 10 it generates signals with a frequency of 2 MHz, but shifted in phase by 1800 with the same polarity. The MP output DD2 SYN is the synchronization signal output, and in the DD2 status word register, the STR input is the input for the synchronization signal. If the signal SYN = 0 (initial state) is supplied from the MP, then at the input D of the DD20.2 flip-flop U = 0, and with a frequency of 2 MHz, signals from the signal generator (GS) are received at the input C through DD4.5. The output of trigger DD20.2 generates a signal U=0. With a frequency of 4 MHz, the trigger is reset to zero through the R input if the trigger was set to the single state. If a signal SYN=1 is supplied from the MP, then a signal U=1 is generated at the output of DD20.2 and goes to the input of STR DD12, that is, synchronization of DD2 and DD12 occurs. However, after half the period of the main signals, a signal is sent via line 2 to the input R of DD20.2 and the trigger is reset to zero. Using this synchronization signal, the PCC DD12 records the CC from the MP. After a time equal to half a period with a frequency of 2 MHz has passed, the DD20.2 trigger is reset to zero through the R input. At the same time, a reverse polarity strobe is formed at the inverse output, which is supplied to the trigger DD20.1.

Signal conditioning extendedDBIN

The extended DBIN signal is generated according to the diagram on sheet 3. It contains MP DD2, two triggers DD21 and DD20.2, three inverters DD14.1, DD14.2 and DD14.3 and two “AND” elements DD18.1 and DD18.2 . The MP outputs U=1 at the DBIN output when it is ready to receive data from RAM, ROM and VU. The DD20.2 trigger at the inverse output produces a strobe with a frequency of 2 MHz, and removes it with a frequency of 4 MHz, arriving at the R input, if the SYN synchronization signal from the MP DD2 output is received at the D input of the DD20.2 trigger. In the initial state, at the inverse output of the trigger DD20.2 U=1, at the direct output of the trigger DD20.1 U=1, the signal DBIN=0 at the output of MP DD2, and therefore at both inputs of DD18.2 U=1, and at its output extended signal DBIN=0. If the MP outputs the signal DBIN=1, then at the upper input of DD18.2 U=0 (with U=1 at the lower input) and the signal is extended DBIN=1. When the signal at the upper input of DD18.2 changes from 1 to 0, the trigger DD20.1 is reset and the direct output becomes U=0.

Thus, at both inputs of DD18.2 U=0, and at its output an extended DBIN=1. After some time, MP DD2 removes the DBIN signal, it is equal to zero, and at the upper input of DD18.2 U = 1, but the extended DBIN signal continues to be equal to one until the strobe arrives at the C input of the DD20.1 trigger. After this, the signal is extended DBIN=0. The DBIN signal was extended in time due to the activation of triggers DD20.2 and DD20.1

Signal ConditioningI/ OR(reading VU) andMEMR

(read RAM and ROM)

The signal generation circuit contains MP DD2, CC register DD12, extension circuit DBIN and two “AND” elements DD17.3 and DD17.4. From the table

state of the signals in each cycle it follows that for reading from the computer at output O6 DD12 U=1, at output O7 U=0 and extended signal DBIN=1 in line 9. In this case at output DD17.3 U=0, that is signal I/OR=0 and data will be read from the computer (at output DD17.4 U=1). If at output O7 DD12 U=1, at output O6 U=0 and extended DBIN=1, then at output DD17.4 U=0, that is, the signal MEMR=0 and data will be read from memory (RAM or ROM) . The signal at the output of DD17.3 is equal to one.

Signal ConditioningC.S.AndSELto manage buffers

data bus

The circuit for generating CS and SEL signals for controlling data buses DD7 and DD11 contains MP DD2, CC register DD12, data bus buffers DD7 and DD11, trigger DD20.1 and other elements. From the signal state table for each MP operation cycle it follows that when O1=0, data is written at the output of the PCC DD12, and when O1=1, data is read at the same output. If, for example, data is read (received) from memory (RAM or ROM) or VU, then O1 = 1 at output DD12 and HLDA = 0 at output DD2 (since bus capture will not be allowed by the MP) and DBIN = 1 because that MP allows data reception. Since the signal DBIN = 1, then at the SEL inputs DD7 and DD11 U = 1 and these buffers are switched on for data input to the MP. On line 47 at this time U=0 (buffers DD7 and DD11 are switched on) because at the input DD18.3 U=1 from DD12 (when reading) and at the output of the trigger DD20.1 U=0. On the direct output of DD20.1 U=0 because when the signal DBIN=1 is received from MP DD2 at the output of DD18.1 the signal changes from 1 to 0 and the trigger DD20.1 is reset to the zero state. With the arrival of the next status word strobe (SS), the DD20.1 trigger is set to a single state, at its direct output U=1, at the DD18.3 output U=0, and at the DD18.4 output U=1 (via line 71 U= 1), the CS=1 signal and DD7 and DD11 are turned off. If data is written to RAM or VU, then DBIN=0 and at the SEL inputs U=0. At the output of DD18.1 U=1, so the trigger is not reset at its direct output U=1. Signal O1=0 at output DD12. At the output of DD18.3 U=1, and at the output of DD18.4 U=0, CS=0 in line 47 and buffers DD7 and DD11 are switched on to output data from the MP to the data buses and then to RAM and VU. After the end of the data recording cycle, the signal at output O1 DD12 changes to U=1, in line 47 U=1 and DD7 and DD11 are turned off.

Generating interrupt signals in a microprocessor

The priority interrupt module is designed for use in

microprocessor-based automatic control systems in which the information processing mode changes depending on external software-unpredictable events. The main function of the priority interrupt module is to recognize external events and issue control signals to the microprocessor control system, which (under certain conditions) temporarily stops the execution of the current program and transfers control to another program specially designed for this case. The KR580IK80A microprocessor allows you to implement a vector multi-level priority interrupt by connecting to it an additional special interrupt circuit, the main element of which is the interrupt controller. The microprocessor-based self-propelled guns in question use

interrupt controllers type KR580VN59.

Peripheral devices of a microprocessor ACS can request interruptions of the current program from the DD2 microprocessor by applying an INT signal applied to its INT input. An interrupt signal can occur at any time during the command cycle. Interrupt handling is organized in such a way that the interrupt request is recorded in the internal interrupt request trigger of the microprocessor. Moreover, the interrupt request is recorded only when the microprocessor moves to the M1 cycle, that is, to the initial cycle of the next command, which indicates the end of the current operation. Fulfilling these conditions will cause the next machine cycle to be an interrupt request processing cycle. The machine interrupt cycle, which begins at clock T1 under interrupt enabled conditions, essentially follows the machine sampling cycle. During the time determined by the unit (H - level) synchronization signal, the microprocessor generates a U=1 signal at its INTE output.

In fact, the INTE signal at the microprocessor output is a handshake signal, that is, a signal that is repeated twice during one full microprocessor operation cycle. In the microprocessor control system under consideration, the interrupt request signal to the INT input of the DD2 microprocessor can come from the parallel interface that serves the keyboard, and from external devices through the DD13 interrupt controller. Let's assume that any keyboard key is pressed and the signal U=1 is received at the 1D input of the DD18.2 trigger. Microprocessor DD2 on cycle M1 at the INTE output generates a signal equal to one. This signal passes through the “AND-NO” elements DD15.2 and DD15.3 and goes to the R input of the DD8.2 trigger. According to the synchronization signal, which arrives at the input from the DD8.2 trigger from the DD12 status word register from output O5, taking into account the signals received at the 1D and R inputs of the DD8.2 trigger, this trigger goes into the installation mode, in which the direct output U =1, and at the inverse output U=0. This signal passes through the “AND-NO” element and in the form of a signal U=1 arrives at the INT input of the microprocessor and is latched by an internal trigger. The microprocessor removes the INTE signal, that is, it becomes equal to zero, the DD8.2 trigger goes into reset mode, in which the direct output is U=0, and the inverse output is U=1.

The signal from the inverse output of the trigger passes through the “AND-NO” element and therefore the signal equal to zero is set at the INT input of the microprocessor. Such

the sequence of generating the INT signal to the microprocessor is observed in the case when the interrupt request signal from the DD13 interrupt controller does not arrive from the INT output, that is, it is equal to zero. If an interrupt request comes from any external device, it first arrives at one of the inputs IR0 - IR7 of the DD13 interrupt controller.

The interrupt controller generates a signal equal to one at the INT output, which passes through the “NO” inverter and the “AND-NO” element (provided that the U=1 signal is received from the inverse output of the DD8.2 trigger) and arrives as a U=1 signal to the INT input of the DD2 microprocessor. The work of the microprocessor to perceive the request signal in this case from the parallel keyboard interface. However, after switching to interrupt service, the DD2 microprocessor transfers the corresponding status word to the DD12 status word register. In the status word in the O0 bit at the output of the status word register DD12, a signal U=1 is generated, which is supplied to the INTA input of the interrupt controller DD13. Based on this signal, the controller interrupts the data lines using the CALL command transmits the address of the memory cell from which the external device maintenance subroutine begins.

The microprocessor ACS serves the request of the external device, and after executing the subroutine it returns to the original program.

7 Keyboard, display and generation block

interrupt vectors

7.1 Basic elements of the DMA and output block

information on the display

This block contains the following elements. A 1200 Hz signal generator, which is assembled on two logical inverters DD1.1 and DD1.2, resistor R25 and capacitor C1. The signal from the generator output is constantly supplied to the C synchronization input of the DD3 trigger, as well as through two inverters DD1.3 and DD1.4 to the C2 input of the DD6 counter and to the input of the AND - NO element DD4.3.

Counter DD6 type K155IE5 contains 4 T-flip-flops and an AND-NO element on two inputs for generating a signal to set the counter to zero (reset to zero). The counter has two inputs T0 and T1 and four outputs ST0 - ST3. If the input signal is T1, then the counter operates as a three-digit counter. If T1 is connected to the CT0 output and the input signals are applied to the T0 input, then the counter will operate as a four-bit counter.

In the direct memory access circuit, the DD6 counter operates as a three-bit counter and is designed to form eight addresses with codes from 000 to 111 on the low address lines A0, A1 and A2 with alternate access to 8 RAM cells during DMA. For this purpose, signals from the DD6 counter are supplied to 3 AND-NO logic elements DD5.2, DD5.3 and DD5.4. When a second signal arrives at these elements from trigger DD3, they are triggered and transmit the address code from the counter on the address lines A0, A1 and A2.

The DD7 address decoder based on a dual decoder - demultiplexer K155ID4 is designed for sequentially issuing signals at eight outputs with the continuous generation of address codes on address lines A0, A1, A2 by the DD6 counter. Signals from the DD7 outputs through amplifiers VT2 - VT16 (even) are supplied to the cathodes of 8 display indicators and ensure their alternate connection to the power source.

The DD8 multi-mode buffer register is designed to latch on each memory access cycle (with a frequency of 1200 Hz) the data of a RAM memory cell (alternately from eight RAM cells), store this data during the clock cycle and output it to the anodes of all display indicators. Based on this data, some number or letter is formed on the indicators (all of them), and this number or letter will be displayed on the indicator whose cathode is currently connected to the power source using the DD7 address decoder. Signals from the buffer register to the anodes of the indicators pass through amplifiers VT1 - VT15 (odd).

The joint connection of amplifiers VT2 - VT16 (even) to the cathodes of the indicators and amplifiers VT1 - VT15 (odd) to the anodes of the indicators is shown on sheet 4. At inputs 1 - 8 and to the bases of triodes VT2 - VT16 (even), and then to the cathodes of the indicators signals (alternately) from the address decoder DD7, and data from the DD8 buffer is supplied (simultaneously to all anodes of all indicators) to inputs 9 - 16 and the bases of triodes VT1 - VT15 (odd).

In the designed MSU it is planned to use eight indicators as a display. Each indicator is a seven-segment LED matrix of the ALS335A type. Each of the eight LED matrices serves a strictly defined one of the eight RAM cells, which are directly accessed. Therefore, strictly defined information is programmed into each RAM cell.

7.2 Organization of traffic flow and information display

In a microprocessor process control system, the block for direct access to memory and displaying information on the display operates in a multiplexer mode. The K580IK80A microprocessor operates at a frequency of 2 MHz. The DMA signal generator on inverters DD1.1 and DD1.2 has a frequency of 1200 Hz and the DMA device operates at this frequency. If 2 MHz is divided by 1200 Hz, then we get that every 1666 clock cycles the MP is triggered, it is interrupted and makes it possible for the DPM system to work out the required number of clock cycles and display information on the display. On the other hand, 8 indicators are connected to the DDP device, and they are connected to receive information one by one because the DD7 address decoder outputs signals to the cathodes of eight indicators sequentially. Based on this, the cathodes of the indicators will light up with a frequency equal to 1200:8=150 Hz for a time equal to one period of this frequency (and not 1200 Hz or 2 MHz). It is known from lighting engineering that if the oscillation frequency exceeds 15 - 20 Hz, then the effect of continuous glow is created, therefore the information on all indicators will be visually perceived as continuous.

In addition to the devices discussed, elements DD1.5, DD4.1, DD14.3, DD15.1, DD4.2, DD5.1, DD2.1, DD4.3 participate in direct memory access. Element DD1.5 is connected through connector X1 to the R MP input and to the “Reset” button and ensures that the traffic control system is reset to its original state. Element DD4.1 is used to input into the DMA system the signal from the “Reset” button through DD1.5 and the HLDA signal from MP DD2 through element DD14.3. Element DD15.1 is used to input the INT signal (for interruption) into the MP. If the INT signal does not arrive (initial state), then at the INT connector external U=1, and at the DD15.1 output U=0, the MP does not go into interrupt mode and can enable DMA. It follows from this that the DD4.2 element serves to block the INT and HOLD signals and to prevent the simultaneous supply of these signals to the MP. Element DD5.1 provides a similar blocking for input of the HOLD signal from an external device.

The direct operation of the DMA module occurs in the following sequence. For each signal from a signal generator with a frequency

1200 Hz trigger DD3 is triggered and a U=1 signal appears at its direct output. In the absence of requests from external devices to interrupt and seize buses, this signal is passed by elements DD4.2 and DD5.1 and goes to the HOLD input of the MP, requesting “bus capture” in the MP. If the MP allows the DMA to be carried out, it issues a U=1 signal to its HLDA output (before allowing bus capture at the HLDA output U=0, at the DD14.3 output U=1 and from DD1.5 U=1, and at the output DD2. 1 U=0, so DD2.1 cannot work). This signal switches DD14.3 to the zero output state, and at the output of DD4.1 and at the input of DD2.1 there will be U=1. The second signal at input DD2.1, coming from trigger DD3, is also equal to one (it also makes a request for the DMA). The third signal to element DD2.1, supplied through connector X1, is the MSU synchronization signal. After this, element DD2.1 is triggered and a signal edge from 1 to 0 appears at the output. At this edge, the lower trigger DD3 is set, a signal U = 1 appears on the direct output, which allows the address code to pass on lines A0, A1, A2 from the counter DD6 through elements DD5.2, DD5.3, DD5.4. After the address on the address buses is set, data from the RAM cells at this address is entered into the DD8 register and information appears on the display indicators.

The lower trigger DD3 from the inverse output supplies a signal with an edge varying from 1 to 0 to the R input of the upper trigger DD3 and resets it, setting U=0 on the direct output and removing the HOLD request from MP DD2.

The MP removes the HLDA signal and at the DD4.1 output and DD2.1 input the signal is reduced to zero, and at the DD2.1 output U=1, the lower trigger is reset to zero using the signals at outputs D and C, which are grounded. At the upper output of the lower trigger DD3, U=0 is set, elements DD5.2, DD5.3 and DD5.4 disconnect the address bus from the DMA device and the normal operation of the control system and MP begins, and the DMA mode ends.

7.3 Programmable timer KR580VI53

Timers are used in self-propelled guns:

a) to carry out the subsequent switching on of mechanisms and devices in one sequence and switching off these devices, usually in a different sequence;

b) for continuous generation of signals of a given frequency and the ability to change this frequency;

c) to determine the time of change of some parameter;

d) to determine the current time.

The KR580VI53 timer is actually a time counter; on the other hand, the timer is a frequency generator. Moreover, the timer has synchronization for startup and shutdown. DOUT0 - DOUT2 - timer output signals from its 3 inputs. SYN0 - SYN2 - counter synchronization inputs. Those. signal inputs from generators. Signals must be supplied continuously to these inputs. EN0 - EN2 - permission signals for turning on the meters. A0 - A1 - low-order bits of the address bus, designed to select one of the counters or control word registers.

Table 6 - Signals during information exchange between MP and PT

Operations	Control signals
Operations
Write US to timer control register



Reading from STO0
Reading from STO1
Reading from STO2
Disabling a timer program

Operation of the PT (programmable timer) in mode “0”:

In this mode, the timer operates as a time relay with closed contacts to generate the output signal DOUT.
The control word is entered.
A number is entered into the counter of this channel - the number of clock cycles of the SYN signal, after which the DOUT signal should appear.
As a result of entering a number into the counter, the DOUT signal does not change.
After the EN signal is given, the counter begins counting down from the entered number to 0.
When the counter value becomes 0, then the DOUT=1 signal appears on the previous edge of the synchronization signal:
The DOUT signal is reduced to 0 if the EN=0 signal.
The DOUT signal is reset to 0 when a new number is loaded into the counter. The number must be entered into the counter each time.

PT operation in mode “1” (standby multivibrator mode). A multivibrator is a 2-stage square wave generator. A standby multivibrator or single vibrator is a circuit that responds to an input pulse and changes its state for 1 cycle or several cycles, and therefore is divided into one vibrator without restart (as in a timer), and one vibrator with a repeated automatic restart. The automatic restart time is usually set using an RC chain.

Loads into the US channel.
Enters the number N (N=4) into the counter.
When entering a number into the counter, the output signal is DOUT=1.
When the EN signal is applied and the rising edge of the synchronization signal is applied, the DOUT signal is reduced to 0.
The number in the counter in this mode remains when the EN signal is applied (removed), and then the cycles are repeated.

Mode “2” is a programmable frequency divider with a duty cycle of one clock cycle of the output signal along lines 5 and 6.

Mode “3”. This is the square wave mode (square wave generator). Those. divides the original frequency into periods equal to half, if the number N by which it is necessary to divide is even. And if the number N is odd, then the half periods differ by one clock cycle of the synchronization signal.

Mode “4”. Strobe with programmable trigger. Single strobe.

Mode “5”. With the restart of this strobe after the time entered as a number in the timer. Strobe

When programming a timer, keep the following in mind:

Enter the DC for counter ST2, then for ST0, then for ST1.
The low byte of the number is entered into ST1.
The most significant byte of the number is entered into ST1.
The low byte of the number is entered into ST2.
The most significant byte of the number is entered into ST2.
The low byte of the number is entered into CT0.
The most significant byte of the number is entered into CT0.

7.4 Direct Memory Access Device (DMA)

In the designed MSU, the PDP is used to display information on indicators, i.e. when the operator works with the keyboard. The DDP device includes:

a) generator with a frequency of 1200 Hz on elements R25, C1, DD1.1, DD1.2. This frequency is continuously supplied to the input of the upper trigger DD3 and through 2 inverters DD1.3, DD1.4 to the counter DD6 (One inverter is used to isolate the signals, the other to return the signal to its original state, i.e. to match the signal);

b) 2 triggers DD3 upper and lower;

c) counter DD6, which continuously and alternately generates at the outputs the addresses of 8 RAM cells with numbers from 000 to 111;

d) register DD8, which latches the data of one of the 8 RAM cells for a certain cycle (its outputs are connected to the segments of all 8 matrices);

e) decoder DD7, which alternately, according to the code at the input from the counter DD6, outputs a low-level signal to one of 8 outputs (these outputs are connected to 8 cathodes of the matrices);

f) elements DD5.2, DD5.3, DD5.4, which serve to connect the address bus of the DMA device (3 lines from the DD6 counter) to 3 lines of the MSU address bus, i.e. A0, A1, A2;

g) part of the DD13 element, which serves to disconnect 3 lines of the MP address bus A0, A1, A2 from the MP for the duration of the traffic transfer;

h) element DD4.2, which serves to block the input of the INT external and HOLD signals (request to seize buses from DD3) into the MSU, i.e. if an external INT signal is received, then the HOLD request signal will not be generated (in the initial state, U=1 is supplied to the upper input of DD4.2, through connector X1, the DD3 trigger, when requesting HOLD, outputs U=1, i.e. in this case, U=0 appears at the output of DD4.2, which will then be sent to the MP);

i) element DD5.1, carries out a similar blocking between the HOLD signals from DD3 and external HOLD. The RES input of the MP DD2 and the input of the inverter DD1.5 receive a voltage signal a from the RESET button. In the initial state, this signal is 0, and when the RESET button is pressed, it is equal to 1. When U = 1, the trigger at the MP input for the HOLD and INT request is reset. This reset signal also passes through elements DD1.5, DD4.1, DD2.1 and is supplied to the S input of the lower trigger DD3. And from the inverse output of this flip-flop, the signal goes to the R input of the upper flip-flop and resets it.

Before selecting data or an address or register designation on the display, they are first programmed into the first 8 RAM cells with addresses 000H to 007H. These 8 RAM cells and 8 display indications work in pairs, from the 1st RAM cell the data is always displayed on the 1st indicator, and from the 8th RAM cell on the 8th indicator. Data from 8 RAM cells is output to the display in DMA mode. Data is displayed on the display in the DMA mode when the indicators operate in a multiplexer mode.

The MSU keyboard contains 25 keys and one toggle switch. The 24 keys form a 3x8 matrix. Keyboard scanning - identification of the pressed key is carried out using the scanning method. The essence of this method is as follows: a keyboard in the form of a 3x8 matrix. Scanning can be encoded, when using an address decoder for one matrix size, if its size is 8, or regular scanning. By software, the signal U=0 is set alternately on one of the MSU lines 13, 14 or 15, and equal to 1 on the other lines. The signals come starting from the lower digit number.

8 Device for outputting signals to the IM, plotter and printing

The block for outputting data to actuators (AM), printing and plotter contains three groups of devices: for outputting control signals to the MI, for outputting data to print and for outputting data to a plotter (or other recorder).

The parallel interface DD1 is used to control the IM and print data, namely: port B (B0 - B7) - 8 outputs provide the output of 8 control signals to the IM (for 8 non-reversible IM), and port A and port C (A0 - A7 and C0, C1, C4 and C5) provide exchange of control signals and output of data to digital printing through matching elements (current and voltage) DD2, DD3.1, DD3.2, DD4, DD5 and through connector X5. Data is output through port A of the DD1 element, and printing output is controlled through port C using GI, STO, GP and ZP.

The parallel interface DD6 is used to output data to the plotter and to the IM, namely: seven output lines of port C (C0 - C6) provide output signals to the IM; through the pins of port A (A0 - A7) an 8-bit digital code of the process parameter is sent to digital-to-analog converter (DAC) DD7 type K572PA1A, and through the pins of port B (B0 - B7) an 8-bit digital code of another technological parameter or current time is sent to another DAC DD9.

Digital-to-analog converters DD7 and DD9 have the following outputs: D0 -D9 - inputs for entering a digital code; input 15 - reference voltage input; input 16 - feedback signal input; outputs O1-O2 - outputs of direct and inverse analog output signal. To generate the reference voltage supplied to DD7 and DD9 via lines 19, an amplifier DD11 type K140UD7, resistors R1, R2, R3 and a zener diode VD are used. Resistor R1 sets the bias at input 2 of DD11 relative to the potential at input 3 and the value of the reference voltage. The constant potential at input 3 of DD11 is ensured by the zener diode VD. Amplifiers DD8 and DD10 convert binary signals from the DAC into unary signals. These signals represent two current coordinates, which along lines 17 and 18,

group communication line and through connector X4 are fed to two electric drives of two coordinates of the plotter (or other recorder). The DD3.3 inverter, VT1 triode and YA1 electromagnet are designed to lift the recorder pen when it is idle. The signal to control pen lifting comes via line 20 from the parallel interface DD6 and output C7.

Control signals can be output to reversible MMs through interfaces DD1, DD6 and triggers DD12 and similar ones. Control signals 0 or 1 are supplied to the reversible IMs from the MSU along two lines, for example, along lines 1 and 2, 3 and 4, etc. Trigger DD12 is used to latch control signals issued from the interfaces, as well as to eliminate the simultaneous supply of signals equal to 1 when the IM is turned on for opening and closing. When, for example, a control signal U=1 is received via line 1 from the DD1 interface and a clock signal arrives at input C, the upper D-trigger DD12 is triggered and a U=1 signal is generated at direct output 5. At inverse output 6, the signal changes from 1 to 0, enters the R - input of the lower trigger and resets it to the zero position (it is precisely when the signal changes from 1 to 0 that the trigger is reset). In this case, at output 9 of the lower trigger, U=0 is set, and at the inverse output 8, the voltage changes from 0 to 1 and is supplied to the R - input of the DD12 trigger. However, with such a change in the signal at the R-input, the trigger is not reset, but remains in the same state as it was before, that is, in a single state. If after this the interface DD1 outputs a signal U=0 to line 1, then at output 5 U=0, and at input 6 the signal changes from 0 to 1, and therefore the lower and upper triggers do not switch. If the U=1 signal arrives via line 2, then the process of triggering the lower trigger and blocking the upper trigger is similar to the process when a signal arrives via line 1.

Transistors VT1, VT2 and others are designed to amplify signals with a power sufficient to operate low-current electrical relays KV1 or KV2. Diodes VD1 and VD2, connected in parallel to the relay windings, ensure a clearer return to their original state when picking up signals from the bases of the transistors. In this case, the potential difference across the relay windings is instantly equalized after the triodes are closed. Switches SA1, SA2 and others allow you to transfer control from automatic to remote, KM1, KM2 and other magnetic starters supply three phases of power to the IM electric motors. Thermal relays KK1 and KK2 protect the IM electric motor from overload or operation in two phases. Fuses FU1 - FU3 protect the electrical network from short circuits in the power circuit of the IM. Thus, two triggers are used to control reverse MI, and one trigger is used to control non-reversible MI.

The DAC contains 10 electronic amplifiers with inputs 4, 5 - 13 and outputs to common lines 1 and 2 and a voltage divider on resistors R1 - R20. The voltage divider generates 10 potential levels and supplies them to amplifiers. Each amplifier is one regular digit of a 10-bit number code supplied to the DAC, which acts as a switch for the corresponding stage of the voltage divider to the output lines.

9 Operation of automated site subsystems

In the developed microprocessor system for automatic control of the assembly process, there are various monitoring and control subsystems, which, depending on the time of the transient process when regulating the parameter, belong to different groups.

Depending on whether the sensor belongs to one group or another, a sequence of interrogating and collecting information from sensors of process parameters and outputting control signals to the MSU IM is organized.

To maintain subsystems during continuous operation of the MSU, the following subroutine for initializing timers is introduced:

MVI A, 95H; - load the US code for CT2 DD17 into the battery

OUT D01BH; - output the US code for CT2 DD17 to the US register DD17

MVI A, 15H; - load the US code for CT0 DD17 into the battery

OUT D01BH; - output the US code for CT0 DD17 to the US register DD17

MVI A, 55H; - load the US code for CT1 DD17 into the battery

OUT D01BH; - output the US code for CT1 DD17 to the US register DD17

<аналогично вывод всех УС для счетчика DD18:>

<аналогично вывод всех УС для счетчика DD19:>

<аналогично вывод всех УС для счетчика DD20:>

MVI A, 18H; - load the low byte of the number for CT1 DD17 into the accumulator.

OUT D019H; - display the number 18 in CT1 DD17.

MVI A, 25H; - load the low byte of the number for CT2 DD17 into the accumulator.

OUT D019H; - display the number 25 in CT2 DD17.

MVI A, 10H; - load the number for CT0 DD17 into the battery.

OUT D018H; - output the number 10 to CT0 DD17.

<аналогично ввод чисел в DD18:>

MVI A, 08H; - low byte of the number

<аналогично ввод чисел в DD19:>

MVI A, 98H; - low byte of the number

MVI A, 02H; - high byte of the number

MVI A, 50H; - low byte of the number

MVI A, 04H; - high byte of the number

MVI A, 48H; - low byte of the number

MVI A, 01H; - high byte of the number

<аналогично ввод чисел в DD20:>

MVI A, 75H; - low byte of the number

MVI A, 08H; - high byte of the number

RET - return to the main program.

9.1 Generation and output of control signals to the IM

The IM is controlled by port B of the parallel interface DD1 and port C of interface DD6 (sheet 5) and interface DD4.

The algorithm for generating and issuing control signals to the IM is presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4 - Algorithm for generating and issuing control signals

The algorithm for entering data from an individual entrepreneur is presented in Figure 5.

Figure 5 - Algorithm for entering data from individual entrepreneurs

In this course project, a microprocessor system for automatic control of a waste tire pyrolysis installation with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper was developed. The modules and blocks discussed in the course project are coordinated to work in conjunction with the KR580IK80A microprocessor. This system includes a block for normalizing signals from sensors and inputting them into the computer; microprocessor unit SU; keyboard block, indication and generation of interrupt vectors; device for outputting signals to actuators, plotter and printing.

During the design, a functional automation diagram was developed, which includes subsystems for automatic control of pressure and amplitude of variable pressure in the reactor by changing the supply of recirculated gases to the lower part of this reactor; automatic control of the material level in the reactor; automatic control of unloading of solid pyrolysis residue from the bottom of the reactor; a system for automatically controlling the temperature of pyrolysis of worn tires in the reactor by changing the supply of part of the pyrolysis gas to the furnace; automatic control of the material level in a heated hopper; automatic control of the flow of pyrolysis gases leaving the upper part of the reactor and the dynamic flow of recirculated gases in the reactor.

List of sources used

“Microprocessor self-propelled guns,” ed. V.A. Besekersky, L.: Mechanical Engineering, 1988, 365 pp.
N.I. Zhezhera “Microprocessor self-propelled guns”, textbook, Orenburg, 2001, OSU, UMO.
A.S. Klyuev, B.V. Glazov “Design of technological process automation systems.” Reference manual, M.: Energoatomizdat, 1990, 464 pp.
“Microprocessor control of technological objects of microelectronics”, edited by A.A. Sazonova, M.: Radio and Communications, 1988, 264 pp.
Integrated circuits: Directory / B.V. Tarabrin, L.F. Lunin, Yu.N. Smirnov and others; Ed. B.V. Tarabrina. - M.: Radio and communication, 1984 - 528 p.
Microprocessors and microprocessor sets of integrated circuits: Directory: In 2 volumes / N.N. Averyanov, A.I. Berezenko, Yu.I. Borshchenko and others; Ed. V.A. Shakhnova. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1988. - T. 1, 2. - 368 p.
Nefedov A.V. Integrated circuits and their foreign analogues: A reference book in 6 volumes. - M.: IP RadioSoft, 2001. - 608 p.

Position number according to the automation scheme	Name and brief description of the device	Device type	Note
Multifunctional controller TKM-700 complete with PC
	Platinum resistance thermometer with a unified current output signal 4 ÷ 20 mA, measurement range 0 ÷ 200 С	Metran 276
	Small-sized excess pressure sensor with a unified current output signal 4 ÷ 20 mA, upper measurement limit 1 MPa, accuracy class 1	Metran – 55 CI
	Contactless reversing starter, U = 220 V
	Control valve with electric drive MEPK, P y = 1.6 MPa; d y = 40 mm.	KMR.E 101 NJ 40 1.6 R UHL (1)

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1.4. Description of the automation scheme

3.4. Automation in finishing production

COURSE PROJECT

Automation of a waste tire pyrolysis installation with heat exchangers in the reactor and feed hopper