Particle values NOT
1. Negation: the particle does NOT give a negative meaning to a sentence or individual word: Do not go there! - negative meaning of the entire sentence; This thing doesn't belong to me - negative meaning of a single word.
2. Statement with double negative: the repeating particle NOT (the first not before the verb can, the second not before the indefinite form of another verb) has an affirmative meaning: couldn't help but know = knew. In this case, a connotation of necessity and obligation arises: couldn't help but say = should have said.
3. Statement in interrogative and exclamatory sentences: in such sentences (rhetorical questions) the particle does NOT have an affirmative meaning: Where have I not been? (= been everywhere); Who hasn’t visited me! (= everyone was visiting).
NI particle values
1. Negation in sentences without a subject: the particle NI denotes negation in sentences without a subject when complemented in the genitive case: Not a cloud in the sky; There is no sound around; Don `t move! Not a word! The particle NI in this case strengthens the negation that is implied. The negative word NO or the predicate that includes NOT are omitted.
2. Strengthening denial: if there is a negation in a sentence (the word no, the particle is not with a predicate verb, participle or gerund), then NI strengthens this negation: There is not a cloud in the sky; without saying a word; looking neither to the right nor to the left. In this case, the particle NI can be omitted, the meaning of the sentence will not change, only the connotation of intensification will disappear: I didn't have a minute to think. - I didn’t have a minute to think. Such cases must be distinguished from the double use of the particle NOT to indicate a statement. Let's compare: He could not help but know and say - affirmative meaning (he knew and said); He could neither know nor guess - negative meaning, neither can be discarded (he could not know or guess).
3. Statement and generalization after relative pronouns and adverbs in a subordinate clause: the particle NI gives a general affirmative meaning to words who, what, where, when, how much etc., which serve as a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one. Whoever comes, everyone is welcome here = any person will come; No matter how much I looked, I didn’t notice anything = looked closely for a long time; Wherever I went, I found friends everywhere = been to different places. Such cases must be distinguished from those complex sentences in which subordinate clauses have a negative meaning and in which the particle NOT is written. Let's compare: Whoever does not read this book will not learn much - the subordinate clause has a negative meaning, the action has not been completed (the book has not been read); Whoever reads this book will love it - the subordinate clause has an affirmative meaning, the action is completed (the book is read).
Note! A NI particle repeating with homogeneous terms is considered as coordinating conjunction: Wasn't audible neither sound, neither rustling.
Need to remember!
1. If the repeating particle NI is used in stable expression , That comma between the parts of this turnover is not placed:
| No more, no less | Neither yes nor no | Neither day nor night |
| No end no end | Neither more nor less | Neither yourself nor people |
| Neither stand nor sit | Neither back nor forward | Neither give nor take |
| Neither two nor one and a half | Neither alive nor dead | No way about anything |
| Neither ours nor yours | No answer, no hello | Neither fish nor fowl |
| Neither light nor dawn | Break a leg | Not a word or a breath |
| Out of the blue | Neither here nor there | Neither this nor that |
| Neither here nor there | Neither shaky nor shaky | Neither way nor that |
2. When is NOT written, and when is NOT written? (when written separately)
Table “NOT and NOR Particles”
§ 88. Not written together:
1. In all cases when a word is not used without a negative particle, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking(meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.
2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian, For example: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; all non-specialists liked the report; a non-Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse(Nekrasov).
3. With full and short adjectives and with adverbs ending in -o (-e), unless combining them with does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy appearance (i.e. sickly ), impossible character(i.e. heavy), the sea is restless (i.e. agitated), the matter is unclean (i.e. suspicious), come immediately(i.e. immediately, immediately), acted badly(i.e. bad).
4. With full participles, for which there are no explanatory words, for example: unfinished (work), unblown(flower), stainless (steel), unloved (child), unconcealed (anger), uncompressed (strip) (in such cases the participle is close to the adjective); But: work not completed on time, a flower not blooming due to the cold, a child not loved by the mother, students who have not yet been examined(in such cases the participle is close in meaning to the verb).
Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, not with the participle is written together (in these cases, the participles with are not close to the adjective), for example: extremely rash decision, completely inappropriate example, But: a completely inappropriate example(not written separately due to the presence of an explanatory word to the rule).
5. In pronouns, when not is separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: someone, something, no one, nothing(But: no one, no need, no one, no reason, no reason).
In pronominal adverbs, for example: no time, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere.
6. In adverbs there is no need (in the meaning of “aimlessly”, for example: there is no need to go there), reluctantly; in prepositional combinations despite, despite; in the interrogative particle really.
Writing adverbs and adverbial combinations that include a negation, a preposition and a noun or adjective (for example, unknowingly, inadvertently, by chance, beyond the power), determined by the rules laid down in § 83, paragraphs 5 and 6.
7. In the verb prefix nedo-, denoting non-compliance with the required norm, for example: nedo fulfill (perform below the required norm), nedo look (not enough, look bad, miss something), nedos sleep (sleep less than normal).
Note. From verbs with the prefix it is not necessary to distinguish verbs with the prefix do-, which have the negation not in front of them and denote an action that has not been completed, for example: not to read a book, not to drink tea, not to watch a play.
§ 89. Not written separately:
1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, without haste.
About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with the prefix are missing - see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.
Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.
2. In participles: a) in short form, for example: the debt is not paid, the house is not completed, the coat is not sewn b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he did not bring the finished work, but only individual sketches.
3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: It was not luck that led us to success, but endurance and composure; It’s not death that’s scary, it’s your disfavor that’s scary.(Pushkin); the morning came not clear, but foggy; the train is neither fast nor slow(implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow (there cannot but be a contrast here).
Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate writing of the particle not. The particle is not written separately: a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb there is a pronoun starting with neither as an explanatory word, for example: no one (for anyone, etc.) needs a thing, never encountered error, not to anyone it is profitable to undertake this; b) if it is not part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from the only wish not at all fair decision, not at all the best solution, far from sufficient.
4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that. For cases of continuous writing not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.
Note. The philosophical term not-self is written with a hyphen.
5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.
The expression is written separately more than once, for example: More than once he accused himself of being overly cautious.(Fadeev).
6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't be sorry.
7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all non-commercial and industrial enterprises; it is not said in Russian; They don’t sing in the old way.
§ 90. Neither is written together:
1. In pronouns, if the particle is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one and so on.
- The particle (prefix) is not written in negative pronouns and adverbs under stress, nor in an unstressed position: n e whom - neither when O, n e to whom - neither com at, n e how - neither h e m, neither gd e – n e Where, neither open at Yes - n e where, neither How O th, neither CT O .
- Particle neither written separately, with the exception of negative pronouns without a preposition and negative adverbs; compare: neither to whom - neither to whom, nowhere; Help no one not required; To no one didn't ask for help.
Note 1: Spelling varies neither in negative pronouns and adverbs like no one, nowhere and in combinations of pronominal words with a particle neither- no one, no where, used in subordinate parts of complex sentences; compare: Nobody didn't stay anywhere. – I don't know, nobody You, no where your friends. Here neither acts as a conjunction and .
Note 2. It is necessary to distinguish between the combinations none (‘nobody’) and not one (‘many’); not once (‘never’) and more than once (‘often’). Particle neither(intensifying) is used in this case when the predicate is negated; compare: Neither one muscle Not trembled on his face. – Not there was one path in the field; I neither once Not saw this man. - I Not I've seen this man once; and: Not I am one (many) came to this dangerous job(M. S. Prishvin).
Note 3. The spelling of the combination differs none other (other) than - nothing other (other) than And no one else (other) – nothing else (other). Combinations none other than And nothing else (other) than express opposition, and not in this case is a negative particle and is written separately with the pronoun: A fairy tale in folklore is nothing more than a story about a fictitious event; stood in front of me none other than the owner of the dacha himself. Such combinations are used in an affirmative sentence, that is, it is impossible to put a second negation in them without changing the meaning. The union is synonymous with the union a, which clearly expresses adversative relations; compare: stood in front of me none other than the owner of the dacha himself.
Combinations no one else (other) And nothing else (other) do not express opposition and are used in sentences where there is a negation of the predicate; in this case, it acts as a word-forming prefix and is written together: This task Not could fulfill nobody else; Nothing else as irresponsibility, it is forbidden explain such an act(there is a second negative).
When used in affirmative sentences without negation at the predicate, the constructions in question are of an adjunctive nature, and the unrepresented second negation is easily restored; compare: Such an act can be explained by irresponsibility, and nothing else (it cannot be explained). As a rule, the phrases under consideration differ according to a formal feature - the conjunction: it is written not (always separately) if the conjunction a is used, it is written neither (jointly or separately) if the conjunction and is followed.
Combinations no one else (other) And nothing else (other) are also used in comparative usage with the conjunction How- like no one else or in a truncated form - like no one: Levitan, like no one else(another), managed to convey with sad force the immeasurable distances of Russian bad weather. – Levitan, like no one else, was able to convey with sad force the immeasurable distances of Russian bad weather.
- Negative particle neither with a noun in the genitive case, with a verb in the form of an imperative mood or an infinitive, it is used to express a categorical command or prohibition (in this case, the sentence is pronounced with an imperative intonation): And you stand on the porch and neither from place!(N.V. Gogol).
Repeating particle neither is used as a connecting conjunction and is equal in meaning to the combination and not; compare: In my heart neither funny, neither sad. - In my heart and not funny, and not sad; Stupid didn't know how neither sing, neither dance, never said anything smart or even the right word(I.S. Turgenev). This value of the particle is not particularly noticeable in constructions with a repeating negative particle Not, when the last negation is strengthened by the particle even: Where a person left is accepted for some reason Not mallows, Not daisies, Not bells, Not swimsuits, not even cornflowers, that's it, weeds and nettles(V. Soloukhin). Eating particles neither excludes union And; compare: neither even cornflowers are not even cornflowers.
In the presence of an intensifying particle, even the use of neither and nor differs: even if it is before the negation, the particle not is written, if between the negation and the significant word, the particle nor is written.
Note. Only in some cases with homogeneous members of a sentence is a conjunction found And before neither: Neither suits me and neither other; also in colloquial speech: Of course, we can agree with this, even though not to you, neither it won't do us any good(here it is part of the union, although).
Particles of the same name Not And neither differ in meaning: neither – negative, nor – intensifying. Therefore, in the subordinate concessive parts of sentences to strengthen the affirmative meaning, the particle ni is used:
And all night long the poor madman,
Where do the feet go? neither paid
Behind him is the Bronze Horseman everywhere
Jumped with a heavy stomp(A.S. Pushkin),
and in independent exclamatory and interrogative sentences (in the presence or possibility of substituting intensifying particles only, really) the negative particle not is written: Where is he going not just contacted!(the particle only strengthens the subsequent negation).
Note 1. In the subordinate parts of complex sentences, combinations should be distinguished whoever neither, to neither, wherever neither, whatever neither no matter how much neither etc. with a particle neither, adjacent to the relative word, and combinations whoever Not, to Not, wherever Not, whatever Not no matter how much Not etc. with a particle Not, relating to the predicate. In the first case, a generalized meaning is conveyed, neither strengthens the affirmation, in the second - negation Not stands with the predicate in a negative sentence; compare: Whoever to him neither contacted, everyone received practical advice. - There is no one whoever to him Not sought advice; An indifferent person could not sing like that, whatever He neither had a voice(Ch. Aitmatov); A man must work whoever He neither was.
Note 2: Single or repeating neither is part of stable expressions with a generalized meaning or meaning of uncertainty: whatever neither came from where neither take it neither fish neither meat, neither That neither that's it, neither alive neither dead neither two neither one and a half, neither give neither take, neither fluff neither pen, neither hearing neither to the spirit: When you enter a swamp for ducks, suddenly, from where neither take it, this very yellow bird lands on the path in front of you(M. S. Prishvin); Next day, neither light neither dawn, Lisa has already woken up(A.S. Pushkin).
To the question NI with verbs is written how? given by the author be luxurious the best answer is - Which is correct, “no matter how you turn it” or “no matter how you turn it”? Is it generally acceptable to use the particle NI before verbs? If possible, please also attach a link to the rule.
Answer from the Russian language help desk:
- That's right: _whatever you say_. See section "Rules: old and new" - "Spelling of vowels" - "Unstruck particles _not_ and _nor_".
http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/buro/search_answer/?page=4&s=verbs
Unimpactable particles NOT and NOR
It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of unimpacted particles not and neither. These particles differ in meaning and use.
1. The particle is not used for negation, for example: I didn’t say that. I didn't talk about this. That's not what I was talking about.
It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of using this particle:
a) If there is a negative particle not in both the first and second parts of a compound verbal predicate, the sentence receives an affirmative meaning, for example: I can’t help but mention... (i.e. “must mention”), I can’t help but confess... ( i.e. “you have to confess”).
b) In interrogative and exclamatory sentences, the particle is not adjacent to pronouns, adverbs and particles, forming combinations with them: how not, who not, who not, who not, where not, where not, than not, what not, what not, etc. . P.; This includes interrogative sentences with the combination “whether” or “whether”, for example: Well, how can you not please your loved one! (Griboyedov). Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? (Pushkin)...
(ABOUT THE PARTICLE NOT - IN ABBREVIATION; see link)
2. The particle is used to strengthen the negation, for example: I couldn’t profit from a bone anywhere (Krylov). There was not a single clearing in the sky behind (Fadeev). Metelitsa never even looked at those asking (Fadeev). There is not a soul in the village now: everything is empty (Fadeev).
A repeated particle does not acquire the meaning of a union, for example: Neither water nor trees were visible anywhere (Chekhov). Neither muses, nor works, nor the joys of leisure - nothing can replace the only friend (Pushkin). But the crowds flee, not noticing either him or his melancholy (Chekhov). I don’t know who you are or who he is (Turgenev).
It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of using the particle ni:
a) The particle is used before the predicate in subordinate clauses to enhance the affirmative meaning, for example: Obey him in everything he orders (Pushkin). No matter how hard we tried, he could not distinguish iambic from trochee (Pushkin). Everywhere I look, there is thick rye (Maikov). Whoever passes, everyone will praise (Pushkin).
The particle nor in subordinate clauses of the indicated type is adjacent to a relative word or to a conjunction, and therefore subordinate clauses begin with combinations: who nor, whoever, whatever, whatever, no matter how, no matter how much, no matter how much, wherever, wherever, wherever, wherever, whichever, whichever, whoseever, whoseever, whenever, whenever, etc.
These combinations have entered into some stable phrases: wherever it goes, out of nowhere, at any cost, etc.
b) The particle is not found in stable combinations that have the meaning of a categorical command, for example: neither from a place, nor a step further, nor a word, etc.
c) The particle neither is included in negative pronouns: no one, no one (no one), etc.; nothing, nothing (to nothing), etc.; none, none (none), etc.; no one's, no one's (nobody's), etc. and adverbs: never, nowhere, nowhere, from nowhere, in no way, not at all, not at all, not at all, as well as part of the particle something.
It is not written in stable combinations that include pronouns, for example: left with nothing, left with nothing, disappeared for nothing.
d) Double neither is included in stable expressions, which are a combination of two opposed concepts, for example: neither alive nor dead; neither this nor that; neither fish nor fowl; neither give nor take; neither peahen nor crow, etc.
http://www.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/?rub=gl&text=19_13
We often encounter the problem of merging and separate writing of particles " Not" And " neither"with other words. The easiest rule to understand and remember here is that:
1. The particle “not” is written together with all words that are not used without “not”(fable, unsociable, ignorant, ridiculous, dislike, be perplexed, impossible, really). In other cases, writing " Not» is subject to the following rules.
2. With verbs and gerunds, the particle “not” is always written separately, except:
- cases specified in the first rule;
- prefixes are under-in verbs that mean “insufficient action” (undernourished, undercooked, underripe).
Note. Not to be confused with verbs with the prefix do- and the particle " Not”, denoting “unfinished action” (not finishing a book, not finishing a movie).
3. With nouns, the particle “not” is written together:
- if for a word with “not” you can find a synonym without this particle (untruth - lie, foe - enemy). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.
- when forming a word denoting persons with the meaning of opposition (professionals - non-professionals, Russian - non-Russian);
apart:
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction a (not a friend, but an enemy, not happiness, but grief);
- if a word with " Not" means not people (elephants are not elephants, a story is not a story, cold is not cold).
Note. Exceptions are words-terms that are written together: metals - non-metals.
4. With adjectives, the particle “not” is written together:
- if you can replace the adjective with " Not" is a synonym without this particle (unmarried - single, unfriendly - hostile, short - low). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.
apart:
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bitter, but sweet; not affectionate, but rude);
- if the adjective is relative (the vase is not crystal, the chain is not silver) or qualitative, denoting color (the sea is not blue, the towel is not yellow);
- (not a shortcut at all, far from useless advice);
- if the particle " Not” is emphasized in an interrogative sentence (Isn’t this statement true? - Is this statement false?);
- if the adjective is written with a hyphen (not commercial and industrial enterprises).
Note 1. Short adjectives are written with " Not”, just like the complete ones from which they are produced (incurable disease - the disease is incurable, the person is not smart, but stupid - the person is not smart, but stupid);
Note 2. If a short adjective does not have a full form, then it will always be written separately with the particle " Not"(he is not happy to meet).
5. With adverbs, the particle “not” is written together:
- if the adverb ends in -o, and it can be replaced with a word similar in meaning (unhappy - sad, not high - low);
- if the adverb is formed from a pronoun (nowhere, nowhere, no time, nowhere);
Apart:
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bad, but good, not weak, but strong);
- when strengthening negation with explanatory words such as “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”(not at all difficult to do, being nearby is far from accidental)
- with adverbs in a comparative degree (to work no worse than others, to receive no more than others);
- if the adverb is written with a hyphen (to act unfriendly, to dress unsuitably).
Note 1.“Not” with the following adverbs is written separately: not today, not at all, not like that, not otherwise, not quite, not here, not really.
Note 2."Not"
“is written separately with adverbial expressions: not good, not according to the gut, not in moderation, not in a hurry, not by hand, not to taste, not as an example.
6. With participles “not” is written together:
- if the participle is complete and there are no words dependent on it (undried laundry, an unturned book, an unwashed floor)
Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, “not” is written together with the participle: (an extremely rash decision, a completely inappropriate example, but: an example that is completely inappropriate to the rule)
apart:
- if the participle is complete and has dependent words (These works remained unpublished during the writer’s lifetime);
- with short participles (the debt is not paid, the fire is not lit);
- when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not printed, but handwritten text, not a fictional, but a real story).
7. The particles “not” and “nor” with negative pronouns are written together(there is no one to ask, there is nothing to be surprised at, no one is forgotten) with everyone else separately (not me, not everyone, neither me nor you).
8. The particle “ni” is also written together with some adverbs(not at all, not at all, nowhere, not at all).
With all other parts of speech, the particle “ni” is written separately.