FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"SIBERIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE"
ALTAI BRANCH OF FGOU VPO
"SIBERIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE" IN BARNAUL
TEST
Barnaul, 2010
Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3
The current socio-economic state of China…………………….4
Human resources of China: main problems……………………………6
Ways to solve employment problems in China…………………………….12
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….18
List of sources and literature used…………………………..20
Applications……………………………………………………………………...21
Introduction
China's gigantic resources - natural, demographic and civilizational - make it today one of the potential leaders of the world economy. “Use antiquity for the benefit of modernity” - this motto proclaimed by Mao Zedong continues to be relevant because it emphasizes the unity of China's management culture and the modern demands of the world market, which is profitable and effective.
China's enormous human resources require a qualitatively new, sociological assessment that allows us to predict their modification and development and rationally use traditional Chinese management principles in optimal combination with modern requirements of management culture.
This course work reflects the main employment problems in modern China, which have a number of specific features and are closely related to each other. We are talking, first of all, about unemployment and ways to reduce its level; secondly, about the employment structure of the population characteristic of the PRC. In addition, in a market economy, one of the decisive factors for the efficiency and competitiveness of a country is to ensure high quality human resources.
Thus, the organization of human resources in order to achieve maximum efficiency in government, as well as the study of human capital in the People's Republic of China and coverage of the problem of employment are the most important objectives of this course work.
The current socio-economic state of the PRC
In its development, the People's Republic of China, despite the communist ideology, has always relied on the powerful resources of the ancient Chinese civilization and approached the choice of reform instruments very pragmatically. China's gigantic demographic and natural resources make it one of the potential leaders of the world economy, and the dynamics of economic development demonstrated by it during the reforms of the late twentieth century allow us to predict its emergence into a leading position by 2020-2030.
China is the third largest country after Russia and Canada. The area of China is 9.572 million sq. km, the population is 1.205 billion people. China is divided into 23 provinces, including Taiwan, 5 autonomous regions, 4 central cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing) and 2 special administrative regions. A significant part of the population of the People's Republic of China lives in the capital - Beijing - more than 12.5 million people, as well as other large cities: Shanghai (7.86 million people), Tianjin (5.9 million people).
It should be remembered that “Greater China” actually consists of three parts. Firstly, this is the People's Republic of China (PRC), which is actually the main and, according to its leaders, the only Chinese state. Secondly, this is Hong Kong, which became part of the PRC in 1997, but for another 50 years retained the status of autonomy and its own legislation. Thirdly, this is still independent Taiwan, whose annexation Beijing is constantly insisting on.
The country's natural and climatic resources are extremely diverse. The northwestern outskirts of China are rich in natural resources, the great Yangtze River flows in the center of China, and in the west of the country there is the high plateau of Tibet, which is often called the “Roof of the World.” In the south, China is bounded by the Himalaya mountain range, where the world's highest peak, Mount Everest, is located. In addition, China has land resources that have long allowed it to pursue self-sufficient development. China is one of the five largest world producers of lead, zinc, aluminum, nickel and wood. The country has large reserves of oil, coal and iron ore, but many of them are located in inaccessible places. Land resources make it possible to fully provide the population with food. China is the world's largest producer of grains, meat, vegetables and fruits.
China occupies about 1/5 of the area of Asia. It is the most populous country in the world. In total, there are 1,350 million Chinese living in the world, which is 1.5 times more than Indians, and about 4 times more than Anglo-Saxons and Arabs. There are Chinese diasporas in almost all major countries of the world. They preserve their national way of life, live separately and maintain economic ties with their homeland. This makes the diaspora a critical factor in China's economic development. The PRC is a very ethnically homogeneous state: 90% of the population is Chinese. In addition, the country is home to approximately 50 other ethnic groups, including Mongols, Tibetans, Kazakhs and Koreans. The demographic problem has always been the focus of attention not only of the Chinese government, but also of the entire world community. The country's rapid population growth had long been a source of serious concern, and laws were passed to reduce the birth rate.
China's Human Resources: Major Issues
As you know, China is the most populous country on our planet. Thus, from the beginning of the 50s to the end of the 70s of the last century, the population of the People's Republic of China increased from 600 million people to 1 billion people, i.e. almost 1.5 times. Such a significant and rapid increase in population has resulted in serious employment problems for the country.
The Chinese government, concerned about the rapid growth of the population, proclaimed a policy of “planned reproduction” and, using the support of the people, achieved positive results in stabilizing and predictable population numbers. At the same time, the gap between the number of jobs created and the size of the working population is obvious. The looming crisis situation is a consequence of a sharp increase in the population, which has entered the age of maximum working capacity.
Population censuses in China were conducted in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990 and 2000, which provides a solid basis for tracking its dynamics (Appendix 1). According to the second general population census conducted in 1964, there were 387.1 million people of working age in China. In 1982, the third general census recorded an increase in its number to 621.6 million, i.e. over 18 years, the growth of the working-age population amounted to 234.4 million people (50.56%). According to the fourth general population census, in 1990 the working population of the PRC reached 757.6 million people (17.1%). The fifth population census showed that the growth of the working-age population continued, although not at the same pace, and amounted to 131.2 million people.
Thus, the growth rate of the working-age population has decreased, but its absolute indicators remain high, since the base population is large.
In 1964, the population was 694.6 million, in 1982 – 1046 million, in 2000 – 1267 million, in 2006 – 1314 million. From 1964 to 1982, the average annual growth of the labor force reached 3.36%, which was higher than the population growth of 0.55%. From 1982 to 1990, this figure increased even more, exceeding population growth by 1.7%, and from 1991 to 2006 - by 0.31%.
These indicators indicate that in recent years the number of working-age citizens has increased faster than overall population growth. As birth rates declined rapidly from the second half of the 1970s, the population growth rate decreased. But as a result of the fact that people born during the period of highest fertility have now reached working age, the level of labor supply is very high.
The age structure of the working population is, as is known, influenced by the dynamics of population reproduction. At this stage, a general decline in the share of the young and middle-aged population in the working population is clearly visible.
But it is impossible to reduce all crisis phenomena in the field of employment to unemployment alone, although this aspect affects the largest number of the population. Despite the fact that unemployment, and therefore high competition in the labor market, provides China with one of its most important economic advantages - low prices for manufactured products due to the extreme cheapness of labor, the situation in the social sphere is constantly worsening from this, increasing its potential for explosions of social discontent.
Although, if you follow official statistics, the unemployment rate is not that high and is only 4% (about 30 million people). But in turn, most researchers agree that statistical data characterizing the situation in the field of employment only speaks about the state of the problem among the urban population of China. Thus, in 2007, the number of employed people was 769.9 million people, of which 38.1% were people working in cities, and 61.9% were rural workers (Appendix 2, Fig. 1).
The composition of the working population itself is only one of the parameters characterizing the country’s labor potential. For its qualitative assessment, the state and level of professional training of the country's population are important. The professional level of the population is an indicator reflecting the labor potential of the country. In general, in China it has become higher than 10 years ago, but is still not high enough, which makes it difficult to develop and use economic resources and increase the efficiency of the national economy.
Thus, in 2000, per 100 thousand inhabitants, only 3,611 people had a higher education. Despite the fact that the number of people with higher education has increased every year, the level of illiteracy in the population continues to remain high. At this stage, the share of highly qualified workers does not even reach 4%, and the share of workers with initial qualifications is approximately 80%.
The difficult economic situation, the shortage of many natural resources, the incompleteness of the formation of a modern economic management system - all this limits the possibilities of ensuring effective employment of people. These problems affect almost all areas of China's economic development: from the transition to the production of high-tech products to the formation of a new financial system. The solution to this issue must inevitably be accompanied by the modernization of the education system, changes in the key principles of Chinese management, as well as the creation of an appropriate infrastructure that will facilitate the practical implementation of the knowledge, skills and creative activity of this qualified personnel. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….18
List of sources and literature used…………………………..20
Applications………………………………………………………………………………...21
If we sum up the economic situation in China over the past year in just one word, it is unemployment. A huge number of bankruptcies, a reduction in foreign investment; 300 million migrant workers are losing their jobs; The government is forcing troubled public corporations to stay in business to save jobs and encouraging migrant workers to return to their homelands to open new businesses - it's all about unemployment. /website/
Coal and steel industries in decline
The coal and steel industries were the largest employers in China. The coal industry employs more than 5.8 million people, and the steel industry employs 3.3 million. The bankruptcy of enterprises in these two industries will inevitably lead to mass unemployment.
On August 24, 2015, the State Council released a report on risks in the coal industry, which stated that 4,947 (48%) Chinese coal mines had closed or stopped production. In other words, coal production in China has dropped by almost half. Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other coal-rich provinces were seriously affected. In Inner Mongolia, the country's largest coal reserve, half of all mines are closed or in limbo, and more than 100,000 people are unemployed. The decline in the coal industry began in 2013, with many companies struggling to survive, but to no avail.
The situation in the steel industry is similar. Large excess capacity led to low profits for the entire industry. According to insiders, an inventory of all types of steel was carried out over the course of five years. In early August 1915, the price of steel was 1,800 yuan ($273) per ton, or 0.9 yuan ($0.14) per pound (453.6 g) - cheaper than cabbage.
These data indicate an economic slowdown and weak industrial demand. Manufacturers say things will get even worse in the steel industry. There are currently 2,460 metallurgical companies in China. This number is expected to fall to 300. This means that more than 80% of businesses will be merged and acquired, and steel production will undergo restructuring and liquidation over the next three years.
The "World Factory" has moved to other countries
In recent years, with rising labor costs in China, many companies have moved their factories to Vietnam, India and other Southeast Asian countries to maintain profits. According to the Asia Footwear Association, a third of orders from Dongguan, the “footwear capital,” went to Southeast Asia. The decline in Dongguan began in 2008, with 72,000 businesses closing by 2012, and at least 4,000 businesses in 2014. In October 2015, more than 2,000 Taiwan-funded enterprises in Dongguan closed and five million workers were laid off.
The printing and packaging industries serve the final stage of the goods manufacturing process and serve as a barometer for the ups and downs of the manufacturing industry. China has 105,000 printing enterprises employing 3.4 million workers. Printing and packaging are the main industries in Guangdong, with production falling, they are receiving fewer orders and the unemployment rate is gradually rising. Employment in these sectors fell from 1.1 million in 2010 to 800,000 in 2014.
Unemployment data
In 2010, Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang noted that 45 million jobs in China were created by foreign companies. By supporting businesses, foreign investment has provided more than 100 million jobs in total. Justin Lin mentioned this at the World Economic Forum in January 2015. Lin said China would lose 124 million jobs if the entire manufacturing sector left the country.
Before 2010, China already had a huge number of unemployed people. On March 22, 2010, Premier Wen Jiabao told US representatives at the 2010 China Development Forum: "The US government is worried about two million unemployed people, but China has 200 million unemployed people."
Researcher Lu Tu studies the issue of migrant workers in China, that is, those whose home is in rural areas and who work in cities while living in slums there. She says there are 300 million new migrant workers in China. Taking into account their parents and children, this number will be 500 million. Their influence on Chinese society should not be overlooked. In other words, the wealth of these 500 million people affects China's social stability.
Social instability
If one plant lays off 10% of its workers, people may think that the workers were probably not meeting production requirements. If 50% of companies downsize, this can be attributed to a market downturn. But if companies leave the country and hundreds of millions of people become unemployed, then this is the beginning of a great depression. In this situation, unemployment is not only a problem for the unemployed themselves, but also a social problem that the government and the entire society will face.
China's economy is approaching this point. China currently does not have the technology, resource or human capital advantages to recover quickly, so the country must prepare for long-term unemployment.
Unemployment leads to the emergence of a group of disenfranchised internal refugees. The Chinese Communist Party should not forget that the social basis of the communist revolution in China in the 20th century was the huge number of unemployed people.
This is a translation from Chinese of an article by He Qinglian posted on her blog on December 29, 2015. He Qinglian is a renowned Chinese economist and writer, the author of China's Trap, about corruption and China's economic reforms in the 1990s, and The Fog of Censorship: Media Control in China. She writes regularly about contemporary Chinese social and economic issues.
China, like all countries, has experienced difficult economic times since 2000. But over the past decade, its official unemployment rate has remained incredibly stable. However, there is an opinion in the world that unemployment in China is a unit that cannot be accurately measured.
The city's 2018 unemployment registration data shows just 4.1%. Such numbers always speak of stability or economic growth, but the problem is that it has not changed over the past 6 years.
And what's more, unemployment in China has remained almost unchanged with minimal difference since 2001, even during the most intense years of the global financial crisis.
Recent studies conducted in 2018 show the level is at least 2 times higher. According to the results, unemployment averaged 10.9% during the period 2002-2009, which is 7% higher than officially recorded.
Other research centers put the figure at 8.1 percent, and some defend their findings of 20% unemployment especially among youth in 2018. High percentages are especially true among the uneducated segments of the population, while it is easier for people with education not to lose their jobs.
What influences such a difference when calculating unemployment rates? And how accurate are the calculations presented by the National Bureau of Statistics of China? The Bureau conducts a survey of the population in all cities of the country. But the weak point in this calculation is that people officially registered in their places of permanent residence are surveyed.
In this case, the rule imposed by the government comes into play: the struggle for indicators comes first. According to it, employees laid off as a result of the economic downturn are listed as working at enterprises.
Another nuance that affects the indicators is that a large proportion of the population employed in agriculture is not registered anywhere, since they do not live in one place for a long time, but migrate seasonally.
There is such a thing as hidden employment. This is when a person loses his permanent job not through his own fault, but as a result of the suspension of his enterprise.
During forced leave, he can move to different regions, find temporary employment, and make a profit without paying. But all this time he will be listed as employed at his old workplace.
Causes of unemployment
There are several main reasons influencing unemployment in the country. One of them is the unstable situation in the agricultural sector, in which most of the Chinese population is involved. There is a widespread reduction of land and its displacement by industrial zones.
New production reforms affecting state-owned enterprises are also not going smoothly and have their own negative consequences, causing unemployment. Production turns out to be unprofitable, and the state is forced to issue social security benefits. This is a major problem in northern China.
The most vulnerable segment of the population is young people. Most of them have neither labor skills nor the necessary education. Lack of work experience greatly affects the results when recruiting employees. But the main thing is that, without having worked for a certain period of time at the enterprise, young people are deprived of the right to receive insurance benefits in case of unemployment.
All employers are required to contribute a certain percentage of their income to the insurance fund. Contributions are also made to this fund. It guarantees payment of benefits in case of unemployment.
The amount of benefits that an unemployed person can count on depends on where they live. The amount of benefit paid varies depending on the provinces and autonomous regions. It depends on the minimum wage in a given region and the cost of living.
In case of receiving unemployed status, a Chinese citizen is entitled to unemployment benefits.
To receive benefits you need:
- pay contributions to the insurance fund for at least one year;
- be registered at the labor exchange;
- pass the program for repeated;
- have registration at the place of residence only in urban areas;
- do not have the status of incapacitated.
The amount of payments is not tied to previously received wages and the number of insurance payments. The benefit is assigned in a certain amount and can only be paid for 2 years, unless employment is provided earlier than this period. After this, payments stop, even if a job was not provided.
Due to the difficulty of recording the unemployment rate, it is not possible to provide benefits to all those in need. According to average estimates, 40 million citizens cannot receive payments because they are not registered as unemployed for one reason or another.
Traditionally, employment is considered an important indicator of a country’s successful development. Providing jobs is the most important task of the Chinese government in the near future. Despite good rates of economic growth, it is not possible to ensure full employment of the population. According to forecasts, the labor force by 2030 should increase to 772.8 million people. However, already in 2005 the number of employed exceeded the forecast and amounted to 778.8 million people, of which 45% in the agricultural sector, 24% in industry and construction, 31% in the service sector. There were 273.3 million employed citizens.
Official unemployment in the city in 2005 was 4.2% and has not changed to this day. In 1999 and 2000 this figure was 3.1%, then increased to 3.6%, and this occurred against the backdrop of economic growth of 7.5 and 8.4%. According to international standards, unemployment should not exceed 5-6%. At such indicators, full employment is considered to be maintained. Chinese economists cite the so-called real unemployment rate, which is higher than 14% for the city (and city residents make up 42.3% of the total population). In the villages, unemployment is even higher.
Unemployed persons are considered to be persons officially registered as unemployed, and since 1999, all layoffs from state-owned enterprises ("syagan") receive unemployment benefits, but are not included in the category of the unemployed. In addition to those officially listed as unemployed, there are also peasants in the city who came to work. These people are not listed as either “employed” or “unemployed”, since there is no data on unemployment in the countryside, and they are not classified as urban residents.
In China, the unemployed are divided into several groups. In the city, unemployed are considered to be persons who have not found a job within a month after being fired or joining the able-bodied group. After 24 months, these people are no longer unemployed and no longer receive unemployment benefits (even if they have not found a job). This policy is aimed at stimulating employment growth.
Another group is the "Xiagang" (reduced from state-owned enterprises). Providing work for people who moved into the “Xiang” category in connection with the creation of a “system of modern enterprises” has become serious and has become a special phenomenon of the time.
In terms of age composition, for example, in Beijing, “xiagang” under 15 years old make up 6%, 26-35 years old - 29%, 36-45 years old - 46%, over 46 children - 19%, in Anhui province - “xiagang” from 31 under 40 years old account for 47%. In Beijing and Shanghai, the share of women among the “shagang” is 55%.
In the future, one of the main problems will be the provision of jobs to surplus labor from the countryside - the third category, which replenishes the army of unemployed. However, already now landless peasants are a problem not only for the leadership, but for the entire country. The movements of more than 100 million people wandering around the country in search of work cannot go unnoticed.
On the one hand, migration is profitable for the state. Moving surplus labor out of the countryside benefits both the city and the countryside. The city receives income in the form of taxes, consumer spending (80-100 billion yuan per year), the village - in the form of earned capital (about 120 billion yuan annually). If we also take into account the transport costs of this population when moving around the country from home to their place of work, then they collectively provide a decent increase in the gross product. On the other hand, migrants from the village do not have any guarantees of their existence, confidence in the future, because, stopping at one construction site today, they do not know whether they will have to look for a new job or shelter the next day.
As the population grows, unemployment will also increase. This raises serious concerns among researchers and the government.
employment unemployment
For a long time, China was a mysterious country and only a few decades ago they started talking about it seriously. The People's Republic of China is a country with a huge area. In terms of territory size, China ranks third. The state has direct access to the Pacific Ocean, which allows it to successfully export its products throughout the world. Its territory includes desert and mountains. He owns 3,400 islands of varying sizes. It is famous all over the world for its culture, cuisine, and industry.
Population
For a long time, the population of the People's Republic of China has been growing rapidly. Today the country has more than one billion three hundred thousand inhabitants. The age category of the country is middle-aged people. This trend is due to the law of the country, which states that there should be only one child in one family. China is a country where urbanization is leading. Recently, urban areas have expanded significantly, while the rural population has decreased several times. This trend is due to the rapid development of industrial facilities in large cities, which require workers.
The country's leadership is concerned about the rapid rate of increase in the population, which is why for several decades in a row the rule has been in force that a full-fledged family can only have one child. The exception is rural areas. This law does not apply to the country's ethnic minorities. But no matter how hard Chinese officials try to stabilize the birth rate, statistical data indicate population growth. This trend will continue in the future. The Chinese are a religious people. Most of them profess Buddhism. But official data show that there are more than 20 million Muslims, 10 million Catholics, and 12 million Protestants in China. The Chinese speak many languages, but everyone speaks the so-called standard Chinese language.
Industry of China
China has the largest number of industrial enterprises in the world. These are heavy industry enterprises that employ more than 3/5 of the country's working population. The People's Republic of China is widely introducing the latest world technologies into industry. The country pays special attention to new products. This helps it to be one of the most developed countries in the world. Special attention is paid here to saving energy resources.
Most of the industry controlled by the state is located in the largest cities. This is what contributes to the process of urbanization. Residents are eager for new technologies, trading the countryside for a bustling city.
Main industries
The energy industry is particularly developed in China. Coal mining and oil production of varying quality occupy leading positions. The country has more than 100 large coal mining enterprises on its balance sheet. Gas is produced in small quantities.
The metallurgical industry is working at full capacity, but its own production cannot meet the needs of the industry. China has deposits of tungsten, manganese and other raw materials used to make long steel.
Mechanical engineering is also developed at a special level. The country specializes in the production of machine tools and various equipment, heavy vehicles. Of particular importance are enterprises that specialize in the production of automobiles. This type of mechanical engineering is growing at a rapid pace.
Over the past decades, China has taken a leading position in the niche of microelectronics and electronic technologies due to the huge number of both small and large enterprises for assembling a wide variety of electronic devices, exported throughout the world.
The products of chemical industry enterprises are in demand all over the world. China produces mineral fertilizers for the whole world.
But the most popular industry in China is considered to be light industry. This is where the majority of workers are employed. This is the most economically profitable industry in the country. Absolutely all areas are developed here, but especially the textile and food industries.
Agriculture in China
In the People's Republic of China, agriculture is of great importance, especially the cultivation of a wide variety of crops. The country occupies a leading position in the world in the number of types of crops grown: 50 field species, 80 vegetable species and 60 garden species. More than half of the country's population is employed in agricultural work.
The PRC specializes in growing grain crops, especially rice. This crop is grown throughout the country. But wheat cultivation is not far behind. China is located in different climatic zones, due to which a wide variety of agricultural crops are grown. The cultivation of tea and tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane is very developed. The country also grows fruit crops and vegetables in large quantities.
Breeding animals, birds and fish
Livestock farming in the country depends on the food supply, and these are pastures. That is why cattle breeding and pig breeding are developed here. Animals are raised in a nomadic way. Breeding cattle and poultry also occupies a special place in agriculture.
China is the world leader in aquatic products. The country uses rice fields for fish farming. Unique technology and a favorable climate make it possible to engage in different types of agriculture in one place. But recently, China has also begun to use natural sea shallows, which have been transformed into “farms” for raising various marine inhabitants.
China is a very interesting country with a rich culture and its own traditions. The population of the People's Republic of China is very hardworking. Competent policies and a huge amount of labor resources have allowed the state to become a leader in the world in many sectors.