agricultural plow mineral fertilizer

Agrotechnical requirements

Crops are treated with pesticides in a short agrotechnical time frame in accordance with zonal recommendations and as directed by the plant chemical protection service. The working fluid must be homogeneous in composition, the deviation of its concentration from the calculated value should not exceed ±5%. The deviation of the actual dose from the specified dose is allowed no more than ±3%.

When spraying, machines must evenly distribute pesticides over the field area at a given rate. Uneven distribution of working fluids across the working width is allowed up to 30%, and along the length of the headland up to 25%. The permissible deviation of the actual dose from the specified one during dusting is ±15%, when spraying + 15% and -20%. You can spray crops at a wind speed of no more than 5 m/s. It is not recommended to treat crops before expected precipitation or during rain. If it rains within 24 hours after spraying, spraying is repeated. Plants should not be sprayed during their flowering period.

Technology system

This operation uses a reloading system. At the first stage, the working fluid is prepared using the APZh-12 unit. Next, the working fluid is transported using ZZhV - 1.8. The third stage is the application of herbicides with pre-sowing cultivation. It is carried out by a combined unit POM-630 + USMK - 5.4, coupled with the MTZ tractor.

Preparation of the POM-630-2 machine

The mounted boom sprayer is equipped with a tank with a capacity of 630 liters, a boom with a working width of 16 m and a piston pump. The sprayer is designed for treating field crops with pesticides at doses of 75...200 l/ha. Operating speed 6…12 km/h, productivity 10…20 ha/h.

Preparing the machine for work

1 ) Calculation of minute flow rate of working fluid.

q = QBV / 600 = 300*16*7 / 600 = 56 (l/min)

POM-630-2 has a piston pump with a capacity of 120 l/min.

2) Calculation of the minute flow of working fluid through 1 sprayer.

Step (S)=0.5 m

n=B/S+1=16/0.5+1=33 - number of nozzles

q1=q total/n= 56/33=1.7 (l/min)

Sprayer brand - RShch-110-1.6

Pressure (P) - 5 atm

Spray color: red

Hole diameter: 1.6mm

Average drop diameter, microns: 300-350

Factual check

After setting up the sprayer, the actual liquid flow through several nozzles is selectively measured, its arithmetic mean is calculated and compared with the calculated one. If the actual average flow rate through the sprayer is 5% more or less than the calculated one, then use a pressure reducing valve to reduce or increase the operating pressure.

1) Calculation of the control path for a given hitch:

N = 48 l - control sample (N=B*Q*l /10000);

B = 5.4 m - working width;

Q = 250 l/ha - specified application rate;

L =10000*48/250*5.4=356 m

2) the number of passes of the unit on the field with a given headland length and a full tank:

headland length = 850 m

N = 630 l - (machine tank volume)

L =10000*630/250*5.4=4667 m

count passes = 4667/850=6

The dose of liquid added is checked again before processing. In this case, the tank is filled with a measured amount of pesticide, and after it is emptied, the treated area is measured. The actual dose is obtained by dividing the amount of liquid consumed by the area treated.

Liquid distribution boom height

A reference guide for managers and specialists of farms, farmers, researchers, university students I— IVaccreditation levels

Attention!

The publication contains herbicides only officially approved for use in Ukraine. Their list is updated annually and published in the magazine “Zakhist Roslin”. As new information becomes available, the manual is systematically replenished and updated. We will gratefully accept comments, suggestions and advice on how to improve it.

This manual is compiled according to the list published in 2003.

When solving a specific issue, carefully read all sections of the manual.

Compare your choice with sections 2, 3 and 4.

This manual does not exhaust the variety of issues that arise when using herbicides. If necessary, consult the literature, specialists in this field or representatives of trading organizations. Carefully study the information provided on the herbicide packaging and accompanying documents.

Remember! Ill-informed use of herbicides means wasted money, low agrotechnical effect, and damage to the crops grown and the environment.

Page

1.	Herbicides used on major agricultural crops………………………………………………………………..	8
1.1.		8
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1.2.		10
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1.3.		11
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1.4.		13
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1.5.		14
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1.6.		14
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1.7.		16
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1.8.		17
1.9.		17
1.10.	Drainage channels and verges	17
2.	Caution - restrictions………………………………………………………..	18
3.	Selective herbicides and sensitivity of weeds to them………………………………………………………………	23
	Monocot annual weeds………………………………………………………………	23
	Monocot perennial weeds…………………………………………….	23
	Dicotyledonous spring weeds……………………………………………………….	24
	Dicotyledonous overwintering, winter and biennial weeds………………….	25
	Dicotyledonous perennial weeds………………………………………………………………	26
	Weeds resistant to 2,4-D and 2M-4X………………………………………………………..	27
4.	Continuous action herbicides……………………………………………..	29
5.	Application of herbicides on cropsAgricultural crops………………………………………………………………..	30
5.1.	Cereals…………………………………………………………………………………..	30
5.2.	Pulses………………………………………………………………………………….	32
5.3.	Row crops…………………………………………………………………………………..	33
5.4.	Technical no-crop ………………………………………………………………	35
5.5.	Perennial herbs………………………………………………………………………………….	36
5.6.	Potatoes, vegetables, watermelons……………………………………………………………….	37
5.7.	Perennial plantings………………………………………………………………	38
5.8.	Fallows and non-agricultural lands…………………	39
6.	Doses and timing of herbicide application……………………………………..	40
6.1.	Cereals………………………………………………………………………………….	40
	Winter wheat …………………………………………………………………………	40
	Winter barley…………………………………………………………………………………………..	43
	Winter rye………………………………………………………………………………….	44
	Triticale…………………………………………………………………………………..	45
	Spring barley………………………………………………………………………………………………	45
	Oats……………………………………………………………………………………………………………	51
	Spring grains with clover undersowing……………………………………………………….	54
	Spring grains with alfalfa underseeding…………………………………………………………..	54
	Millet ……………………………………………………………………………………	55
	Buckwheat…………………………………………………………………………………………………………	55
	Rice ……………………………………………………………………………………………..	55
6.2.	Pulses………………………………………………………………………………….	56
	Peas ………………………………………………………………………………………….	56
	Soybean……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..	58
6.3.	Row crops…………………………………………………………………………………..	60
	Corn …………………………………………………………………………………….	60
	Sorghum…………………………………………………………………………………….	65
	Sunflower……………………………………………………………………………………………….	65
	Sugar beet ………………………………………………………………………….	70
	Fodder beet…………………………………………………………………………………………	76
	Tobacco…………………………………………………………………………………….	78
6.4.	Technical no-crop………………………………………………………………	79
	Rapeseed……………………………………………………………………………………………………………	79
	Fiber flax………………………………………………………………………………………………..	81
6.5.	Perennial herbs………………………………………………………………………………….	83
	Alfalfa…………………………………………………………………………………..	83
	Sainfoin………………………………………………………………………………….	84
	Clover ………………………………………………………………………………………..	84
6.6.	Potatoes, vegetables, watermelons……………………………………………………………….	86
	Potato …………………………………………………………………………………..	86
	Table beets………………………………………………………………………………………….	90
	Carrot ……………………………………………………………………………………..	91
	Onion …………………………………………………………………………………………….	93
	Garlic ………………………………………………………………………………………..	95
	Cabbage ………………………………………………………………………………………	95
	Tomatoes………………………………………………………………………………………………………….	98
	Cucumbers………………………………………………………………………………….	99
	Eggplants………………………………………………………………………………….	100
	Pepper …………………………………………………………………………………………	101
	Vegetable peas…………………………………………………………………………………………..	101
	Watermelons………………………………………………………………………………….	101
6.7.	Perennial plantings………………………………………………………………	102
	Fruit and vineyards………………………………………………………..	102
	Apple tree, berry fields, vineyards……………………………………………	104
	Apple tree ……………………………………………………………………………………….	104
	Pome gardens………………………………………………………………………..	104
	Gardens…………………………………………………………………………………..	105
6.8.	Couples…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….	105
6.9.	Land for non-agricultural use…………………………….	107
6.10.	Drainage channels and shoulders………………………………………………………..	108
7.	Calculation of doses of herbicides according to the preparation…………………………………………………………	109
	During continuous cultivation of the field……………………………………………………….	109
	For belt application………………………………………………………………..	109
8.	Calculation of the working fluid consumption rate……………………………	110
	General approach…………………………………………………………………………………	110
	During continuous processing…………………………………………………………………………………	111
	For belt application………………………………………………………………	112
9.	Chemical composition and manufacturers of herbicides.....	114
10.	Trading organizations………………………………………………………..	122
11.	Prices for herbicides………………………………………………………………………………………	123
12.	Literature………………………………………………………………………………….	127

7. Calculation of doses of herbicides according to the preparation

7.1. When continuously cultivating the field:

Where Dp is the dose of the drug, kg/ha; V. — dose of active substance, kg/ha; A — content of active substance in the preparation, %.

When using liquid herbicides and measuring them by volume, the dose of the drug is set taking into account its density (P) according to the formula:

Dp =

7.2. For belt application:

Where Dpl is the dose of the drug for belt application, kg/ha; Dp is the dose of the drug for continuous application, kg/ha; Shl is the width of the treated belt, cm;

8. Calculation of the working fluid consumption rate

8.1. General approach

The consumption rate of the working fluid (Q, l/ha), which must contain the established dose of the drug, is calculated using the formula

Q= ,

where g is the fluid flow through one sprayer, l/min; n is the number of sprayers on the sprayer boom, pcs; B is the working width of the unit, m;

V is the speed of the unit, km/h.

Example: POU sprayer, working width 15 m, nozzle pitch 50 cm, conventional nozzles with an outlet diameter of 1.5 mm, unit speed 8.9 km/h (MTZ-80, IV gear, Table 1), working fluid consumption rate 200 l/ha.

The liquid consumption of one sprayer is equal to:

If there are 30 nozzles on the boom (15: 0.5), the liquid flow rate of 1 nozzle is 1.48 l/min. Using Table 2, we set the pressure required for the sprayer to pass the calculated rate of liquid - 0.53 MPa [(1.48 0.5) : 1.4].

The actual fluid consumption is verified empirically.

1.Tractor speed (at rated engine speed and optimal driving conditions), km/h

Broadcast	Tractor
T-40M	MTZ-50/52	MTZ-80	YuMZ-6A
I	6,13	1,65	2,50	7,6
II	7,31	2,80	4,26	9,0
III	8,61	5,60	7,24	11,1
IV	10,06	6,85	8,90	19,0
V	18,60	8,15	10,54	24,5
VI	—	9,55	12,33	—
VII	—	11,70	15,15	—
VIII	—	13,85	17,95	—

2.Flow rate of working fluid through 1 sprayer

Spray type	Outlet diameter, mm	Flow rate of working fluid through 1 sprayer (l/min) at operating pressure, MPa	Sprayer
0,2	0,3	0,4	0,5	1,0	1,5	2,0
Centrifugal (UN)	1,5	0,8	0,9	1,0	1,1	1,6	1,9	2,3	POU
2,0	1,0	1,2	1,3	1,4	2,2	2,5	3,0	OH-400-1
3,0	1,3	1,6	1,9	2,2	3,0	3,6	3,8	OVS-A
Deflector	1,6	2,1	2,6	3,0	3,2	—	—	—	OH-400
Regular field	1,5	0,6	0,8	1,2	1,4	1,8	2,3	3,0	POU
Slotted(red)	—	0,79	0,98	1,17	1,31	1,81	1,03	2,47	OPSH-15
Slit (blue)	—	1,22	1,42	1,63	1,82	2,67	3,42	3,80	OPSH-15
Vortex	1,2	0,49	0,57	0,65	0,73	1,1	1,49	1,88	OPSH-15

8.2. During continuous processing

The calculated rate of consumption of the working fluid is specified in each specific case in such a way that the amount of working fluid that fills the sprayer tank is consumed for a multiple number of laps of the unit.

« ...»

As a manuscript

Abdulnatipov Muslim Gayirbegovich

JUSTIFICATION OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL

DIAGRAMS AND OPTIMIZATION OF MAIN PARAMETERS

COMBINED APPLICATION MACHINE

HERBICIDES DURING PRE-SOWING SOIL TILLAGE

Specialty 05.20.01 – Technologies and means of mechanization

Dissertations for the degree of candidate of technical sciences

Volgograd – 2013

The work was carried out at the Dagestan State Agrarian University named after M.M. Dzhambulatov"

Scientific director: Baybulatov Taslim Sultanbekovich, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor

Official opponents: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Laureate of the USSR State Prize, Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation, Volgograd State Agrarian University, Professor of the Department of Mechanics

Pyndak Viktor Ivanovich, Candidate of Technical Sciences, LLC Intertekhnika, Volgograd, Head of the Warranty Department Abezin Dmitry Aleksandrovich

Leading organization: State scientific institution "Dagestan Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture" (Makhachkala)

The defense will take place on November 18, 2013 at 12:30 p.m. at a meeting of the dissertation council D 220.008.02 at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Volgograd State Agrarian University" at the address: 400002, Volgograd, Universitetsky Ave., 26, meeting room of the dissertation council.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Volgograd State Agrarian University.

Scientific secretary of the dissertation council Alexey Ivanovich Ryadnov

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance research topics. Weed control is an important reserve for increasing agricultural productivity.

On moderately infested crops and plantings, the yield of agricultural crops is reduced: wheat by 25, potatoes by 35, corn by 45, rice by 75% or more, and if the weeds are widespread, they lead to complete death.

It has been established that it is not rational to use herbicides in one technological operation; it is preferable to combine their application with other technological operations of soil cultivation. In this case, the greatest agrotechnological effect and economic feasibility are achieved, while the infestation of agricultural crops is reduced by 85–90%, productivity is significantly increased and the costs are fully recouped.

The method of applying herbicides used on farms in the Republic of Dagestan is environmentally unsafe and economically unprofitable:

When using herbicides, surface spraying is carried out, and then harrowing is carried out to incorporate them into the soil.

The disadvantages of this technology are: multiple passes of machines across the field; uneven distribution of herbicides across the machine's grip;

wind drift and evaporation of the drug from the soil surface due to poor-quality incorporation into the soil and environmental deterioration.

In this regard, the creation of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, which uses pesticides more rationally, reduces the harmful effects of tractor and agricultural machinery propulsion on the soil, ensures better incorporation of herbicides into the soil and reduces the negative impact of herbicides on the environment, is an urgent task.

The degree of development of the topic. Many scientific works of T.S. Baybulatova, V.N. Vikhracheva, A.V. Voevodin, A.I. Danilova, S.A. Ivzhenko, V.I. Klimenko, A.K. Lysenko are devoted to the issues of rational use of pesticides. Makarova A.V., Molyavko A.A., Papova G.F., Revyakina E.L., Rudakova G.M., Tudelya N.V., Kuznetsova Yu.N., Shmonina V.A., Yunaeva A. .A. and etc.

However, many issues of applying herbicides and their incorporation into the soil, as well as the machines and units used, are not yet sufficiently scientifically and experimentally substantiated. This leads to significant losses of highly volatile herbicides, violation of agrotechnical requirements and the environment, and, ultimately, to the ineffectiveness of the drugs used.

Purpose The research is to increase the efficiency of applying and incorporating herbicides into the soil during pre-sowing tillage by improving the design of the combined machine and optimizing its main parameters.

To achieve this goal, the following main tasks research:

To improve the design and technological scheme of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage;

Carry out theoretical studies to determine the optimal design and technological parameters of the blade working body for incorporating herbicides into the soil during its pre-sowing treatment;

Conduct laboratory and field tests of a prototype for the application of herbicides during pre-sowing tillage;

Determine the technical and economic efficiency of using a combined machine.

The scientific novelty of the work consists of:

An improved design and technological scheme of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, which provides for the use of a windproof device that eliminates the evaporation of herbicides as much as possible and ensures their high-quality incorporation into the soil;

Analytical dependencies characterizing the movement of a soil particle by a blade working body, allowing one to determine the flight altitude, longitudinal and transverse movement of the soil particle;

Optimal design and technological parameters of the blade working body, ensuring high-quality crumbling of the soil and the incorporation of herbicides into it.

Theoretical and practical significance work. The parameters and operating modes of the blade working body are substantiated, characterizing the quality of herbicide distribution in the soil during pre-sowing tillage.

The technology and design and technological scheme of the combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage have been improved, the implementation of which ensures sufficient resource saving:

herbicide losses are reduced by up to 40%, labor costs are reduced by 50-55%;

soil compaction during the pre-sowing period is reduced; the environment is preserved and the working conditions of tractor drivers are improved.

Methodology and research methods. Theoretical studies were carried out on the basis of well-known laws and methods of optimization, probability theory, and the theory of experiment planning. Experimental studies were carried out using standard and private methods with subsequent processing on a computer with appropriate software.

Provisions for defense:

Improved design and technological scheme of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage;

Optimal design and technological parameters and operating modes of the blade working body of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage;

Results of laboratory and field tests of a prototype, the effectiveness of its use.

Degree of reliability and testing of results. The reliability of the main provisions, conclusions and recommendations is confirmed by the results of experimental studies in laboratory and field conditions, software calculations on a computer, positive results of production tests of a combined machine developed and introduced into agricultural production for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage.

Basic provisions dissertation work was reported at scientific and practical conferences of the Dagestan State Agricultural Academy (Makhachkala, 2010...2012), Michurinsk State Agrarian University (Michurinsk, 2010), at the III round of the All-Russian competition for the best scientific work among students, graduate students and young scientists of universities of the Ministry of Agriculture Russia (Saratov, 2011), as well as at a theoretical seminar of engineering faculties of Volgograd State Agrarian University (2013) and published in 10 scientific papers with a total volume of 4.6 pp. (1.8 p.l.

Innovative projects on the research topic were awarded diplomas at the regional exhibition-fair “Dagprodexpo” (Makhachkala, 2009; 2010); diploma and silver medal at the XIV Moscow International Salon of Inventions and Innovative Technologies “Archimedes”

(Moscow, 2011); diploma at the competition “U.M.N.I.K” (participant of the youth research competition) (Makhachkala 2013).

In the introduction the relevance of the work and its practical significance are substantiated, the purpose and objectives of the research are determined, the main scientific provisions that are submitted for defense are presented.

In the first chapter“State of the issue, purpose and objectives of the research”, the harmfulness and harm of weeds to cultivated plants was studied; the timing of herbicide application was studied; An analysis of the technologies and machines used for applying herbicides and for pre-sowing tillage was carried out.

The conducted patent search and literature review revealed that the most promising directions in the development of machines for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage is the creation of either combined machines that apply herbicides with other technological operations (pre-sowing treatment, sowing, cultivation, etc.) in one technological passage with a relatively small working width, or single- or multi-operational wide-cut machines. For the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan with small fields and uneven terrain, the first direction is more promising.

Thus, when using combined machines for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, the number of passes of units across the field is reduced, herbicides are used more rationally, the harmful effects of tractors and agricultural machines on the soil are reduced, the quality of herbicide application and tillage is improved, the environment is preserved and conditions are improved work of tractor drivers.

Based on the foregoing, it follows that it is necessary to carry out theoretical and experimental research to improve the design and optimize the parameters of the working parts of a combined machine that ensures the application of herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, in accordance with the requirements of agricultural technology and ecology.

In the second chapter“Theoretical justification of the main parameters of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage”, a design and technological diagram of a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage is presented, analytical dependencies are determined that describe the movement of a soil particle by a blade working body, which make it possible to determine the flight altitude, longitudinal and lateral movement of soil particles; A theoretical justification was carried out and the optimal design and technological parameters of the knife working body were determined.

To apply herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, a prototype of a combined machine was made - a boom sprayer (Fig. 1), which consists of a container for herbicide solution 1, a distribution rod with distributors 2, a windproof device 3, blade working parts 4, a frame 5, blade 6 batteries, 7 flexible hose. The windproof device has a lightweight frame made of polypropylene pipes with transparent moisture-absorbing material stretched over it.

In this case, a mobile chamber is formed, which minimizes the evaporation of herbicides, ensuring their continuous and uniform distribution over the application area, eliminates losses as much as possible, regardless of wind strength, allows for their economical use, creates more comfortable working conditions for tractor drivers and improves the environmental situation.

Knife working parts, assembled into batteries, perform high-quality loosening of the soil and incorporation of herbicides into it.

This design of the combined machine ensures a more rational and economical use of herbicides, which meets the requirements of agricultural technology for their continuous application during pre-sowing tillage.

We theoretically substantiated the movement of a soil particle by a knife working body, which made it possible to determine the longitudinal and transverse movement of the soil particle.

– – –

In the third chapter“Program and methodological support for experimental research” shows the program and objectives of experimental research, and describes the object of research and the experimental setup.

The experimental research program consisted of performing laboratory and field experiments to address the following questions:

Determination of the optimal parameters of the blade working body for incorporating herbicides into the soil and crumbling it;

Conducting field research to study the effect of using a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage on its physical and mechanical composition;

Determination of the effect of herbicide use on crop infestation and yield.

– – –

The output indicators when performing laboratory and field studies of knife working parts were: change in the depth of herbicide placement hz and the depth of treatment ho from ATT, in percentage terms Y (%). Using a multifactorial experiment carried out according to Rechtshafner's plan, the values of the factors corresponding to the optimal ones were obtained: x1 – knife radius, mm, x2 – bend angle of the knife to the degree axis, x3 – length of the knife flange, mm.

Laboratory and field research was carried out taking into account the following methods and GOSTs: “Methodology of field experience with the basics of statistical processing of research results” B.A. Dospehova, GOST 20915-75 “Agricultural machinery, methods for determining test conditions”, OST 106.1-2000. “Sprayers and machines for preparing working fluid, OST 70.4.2-80 “Machines and tools for surface tillage. Test program and methodology”, etc.

In the fourth chapter “Results of experimental studies”

The obtained data on optimization of the parameters of the studied knife working body, performed on the basis of laboratory and field tests, are presented, and their analysis is carried out.

– – –

To ensure minimal unevenness in the depth of herbicide application hz at a given level of unevenness in the depth of treatment hо (2.6%), it is necessary to select the following intervals of optimal factor values: x1= – 0.1…+ 0.1 (194…196 mm), x2 = – 0.1…+ 0.1 (74.5…75.5 degrees), x3= – 0.1…+ 0.1 (84.5…85.5 mm) and x4 = – 0.7… – 0.9 (2.78...2.63 m/s). In this case, the unevenness of the herbicide placement depth hз will be 2.3%, and the unevenness of the treatment depth hо = 2.6%.

Using two-dimensional sections of response surfaces, a compromise problem was solved: intervals of optimal values of the parameters of the knife working body were determined, providing an acceptable value for the unevenness of their distribution (up to 20%).

To confirm the theoretical calculations, we conducted laboratory studies on the uniform distribution of herbicides over the application surface and at the depth of placement.

Research results showed that when planting herbicides (cubes) into the soil with blade working parts, up to 72.6% of the drug is concentrated at the depth of weed seeds. The use of disc working bodies shows that about 61.8% end up on the soil surface or to a depth of more than 80 mm, which is an ineffective use of herbicides (Table 2).

From the data obtained it is clear that when using knife working bodies, better incorporation of herbicides into the soil is ensured compared to disk working bodies, i.e. distribution of herbicides into the area where weed seeds are concentrated.

– – –

The results of the research, the influence of different values of the angle of bend of the knife to the axis and the length of the knife flange of the working parts on the depth of tillage and on the depth of incorporation of herbicides into the soil, are presented in Figure 5.

– – –

The analysis of the data obtained as a result of laboratory experiments showed that with an increase in the bend angle of the knife to the axis and the length of the knife flange, the studied parameters increase. With the length of the knife flange L = 85 mm, an increase in the bend angle of the knife to the axis from = 650 to = 850 led to an increase in the depth of tillage by 47 mm, and the depth of herbicide placement by 50 mm and the required values were provided at the bend angle of the knife flange to the axis = 750.

At a constant value of the bend angle of the knife flange to the axis = 750, the values required by agricultural technology, the depth of cultivation and the depth of incorporation of herbicides into the soil were ensured with a length of the knife flange L = 85 mm.

The agrotechnological assessment of the work of knife and disk working bodies showed that cutting the soil into fractions with knife working bodies is much better, because the blade working elements work like a milling machine, and soil crumbling improves.

Based on the data obtained, the dependences of the change in the percentage of soil fractions k (0...10, 10...25, 25...100 mm) on the speed of movement of the combined machine v (km/h) for various working bodies of pre-sowing tillage ( Fig. 6).

– – –

As can be seen from Figure 6, the content of the fraction with particle sizes of 1...10 mm when cultivating the soil with knife working bodies in the range of optimal speeds (6...12 km/h) is 56.8...62.2%, which is 8 ,2... 9.8% exceeds the content of this fraction after tillage of the soil with disk working bodies (Fig. 6, a). The content of soil fractions of 10...25 and 25...50 mm indicates that when cultivating the soil with knife working bodies, smaller soil particles (fraction 10...25 mm) predominate, while tillage with disk working bodies leads to an increase in the content of the 25...50 mm fraction (Fig. 6, b, c).

Field studies showed that the use of the proposed combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage (Fig. 7) contributed to: a decrease in the ridgeness of the soil surface after the blade working bodies amounted to 8.7%; reducing soil density in the 0...200 mm horizon by 8-14%, and hardness by an average of 9.8%; improvement of the structural composition of the soil, the number of lumps measuring 1...25 mm increased by 28.8%, and fractions up to 1 mm decreased by 16.4%, which is a decrease in the dust content of the soil.

– – –

In the fifth chapter, “Technical and economic assessment of the efficiency of using a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage,” it is noted that when using the proposed combined machine, labor costs are reduced by 52% (from 177.1 to 88.9 man-hours).

per 100 hectares), the cost of applying herbicides is reduced by 652.31 thousand rubles;

grain yield increases by 16.4%; net present value for 3 years of operation is 30,292.13 thousand rubles. on an area of 100 hectares; payback period 0.5 years.

CONCLUSION

1. An analysis of literary sources and a patent search showed that an economically feasible and environmentally friendly way to combat weeds is to apply herbicides during pre-sowing tillage using improved technologies and a combined machine.

2. The equation for the trajectory of movement of a soil particle by a blade working body was theoretically substantiated and obtained, which makes it possible to determine the flight altitude, longitudinal and transverse movement of the soil. These quantities are functions of the angle of inclination of the knife shelf to the axis, the angle of attack of the batteries, the length of the knife shelf l, the translational speed n, and the processing depth ho.

The design and technological parameters of the knife working body have been determined at the forward speed of the combined machine

1 p = 2.56 m/s: rotation speed p = 125.4 min, feed S z = 30 cm, knife diameter D = 390 mm, number of knives Z = 4 pcs.

3. As a result of optimizing the parameters of the knife working body, it was obtained: in order to ensure minimal unevenness of the herbicide application depth hz at a given level of unevenness of the treatment depth hо (2.6%), it is necessary to select the following intervals of optimal factor values: knife radius R = 195 mm, the bend angle of the knife to the axis = 750, the length of the knife shelf L = 85 mm and the speed of movement = 2.63 m/s. In this case, the unevenness of the herbicide placement depth hз will be 2.3%, and the unevenness of the treatment depth hо = 2.6%.

4. As a result of laboratory experiments of the knife working body, it was established that with an increase in the bend angle of the knife to the axis = 70...80 0, the processing depth and the depth of herbicide placement increase, respectively, by 27 and 16 mm, and is in the range of 60-80 mm , which meets the agrotechnical requirements for the application of herbicides. When the angle of bend of the knife to the axis = 750, the drug is distributed in the soil more densely and evenly.

Research has shown that with an increase in the length of the knife flange, there is an increase in both the depth of processing and the depth of herbicide application, and the optimal value of the length of the knife flange is L = 85 mm.

Field studies showed that the use of the proposed combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage contributed to: reducing the ridgedness of the soil surface by 8.7%;

reducing soil density in the 0...200 mm horizon by 8-14%, and hardness by an average of 9.8%; improvement of the structural composition of the soil, the number of lumps measuring 1...25 mm increased by 28.8%, and fractions up to 1 mm decreased by 16.4%, which is a decrease in the dust content of the soil.

5. When using a combined machine for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, with blade working bodies, labor costs are reduced by 50.2% (from 151.9 to 76.3 man-hours), the cost of technological operations performed is reduced by 14 .95 thousand rubles; grain yield increases by 16.4%; net present value for three years of operation and on an area of 100 hectares is 1,540 thousand rubles;

2. To apply soil herbicides during pre-sowing tillage, use a combined machine with a windproof device, which minimizes the evaporation of herbicides, ensuring their continuous and uniform distribution over the application area, eliminates losses, regardless of wind strength, allows for their economical use, and creates more comfortable conditions. labor for tractor drivers and the environmental situation improves.

3. To incorporate herbicides during their pre-sowing application, use blade working bodies assembled in batteries, which perform high-quality loosening of the soil and incorporation of herbicides into it.

4. A combined machine is proposed for applying herbicides during pre-sowing tillage with the following parameters and operating modes: average speed n = 2.56 m/s; angle of attack of batteries = 20 0; knife diameter D=390 mm, number of knives Z=4 pcs; bend angle of knife to axis = 750; knife shelf length L = 85 mm.

Prospects for further development of the topic

Improve technologies for the use of soil herbicides in combination with technological operations such as sowing grain crops, planting potatoes, etc.;

To substantiate the dependence of the number of sprayers and the distance between them on the uniformity of distribution of herbicides over the field surface, when using a windproof device;

Conduct research into the influence of various types of blade working bodies or their combinations on the uniformity of herbicide application and the quality of pre-sowing soil treatment, depending on the physical and mechanical properties.

1. Ivzhenko, S.A. Theoretical basis for studying the quality and uniformity of herbicide distribution in soil / S.A. Ivzhenko, T.S. Baybulatov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // Bulletin of Michurinsky State Agrarian University. – 2010. -№1. – P. 52-55.

2. Baybulatov, T.S. Results of studies of a combined unit / T.S. Baybulatov, S.A. Suleymanov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // Problems of development of the regional agro-industrial complex. – Makhachkala, 2011. - No. 2(6). – pp. 51-53.

3. Ivzhenko, S.A. Distribution of herbicides by area and depth of application / S.A. Ivzhenko, T.S. Baybulatov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // Problems of development of the regional agro-industrial complex. – Makhachkala, 2011. - No. 3(11). – pp. 78-83.

b) in other publications:

4. Baybulatov, T.S. Harmfulness of weeds on agricultural crops / T.S. Baybulatov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // Modern problems and prospects for the development of agricultural science, dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the Victory in the Second World War: collection. articles int. scientific-practical conf. – Makhachkala, 2010. – P. 195 Abdulnatipov, M.G. Analysis of methods for controlling weeds / M.G. Abdulnatipov, T.S. Baybulatov // “Modern problems, prospects and innovative trends in the development of agricultural science”, dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the birth of corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Dzhambulatov M.M.: collection. articles int. scientific-practical conf. – Makhachkala, 2010. – P. 432-434.

6. Abdulnatipov, M.G. Analysis of working bodies for the incorporation of pesticides into the soil with its pre-sowing treatment / M.G. Abdulnatipov, T.S. Baybulatov // “Modern problems, prospects and innovative trends in the development of agricultural science”, dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the birth of corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Dzhambulatov M.M.: collection. articles int. scientific-practical conf. – Makhachkala, 2010. – P. 435-437.

7. Ivzhenko, S.A. Justification of the trajectory of a soil particle using a knife working body / S.A. Ivzhenko, T.S. Baybulatov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // Scientific review. – M., 2011. - No. 1. – P. 20-23.

8. Baybulatov, T.S. Combined unit / T.S. Baybulatov, M.G.

Abdulnatipov // Sat. scientific works on mat. III round of All-Russian. competition for the best scientific work among students, graduate students and young scientists of universities of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. – Saratov, 2011. – P. 3-6.

9. Baybulatov, T.S. Analysis of technical means for pre-sowing tillage and incorporation of herbicides into the soil / T.S. Baybulatov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // “Modern problems of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex”, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Dagestan State Agrarian University named after M.M. Dzhambulatov and the 35th anniversary of the Faculty of Engineering: collection. scientific works of All-Russian scientific-practical conf. – Makhachkala, 2012. – pp. 6-7.

10. Ivzhenko, S.A. On the issue of effective use of herbicides / S.A. Ivzhenko, T.S. Baybulatov, M.G. Abdulnatipov // “Agricultural science: modern problems and development prospects”, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the formation of the Dagestan State Agrarian University named after M.M. Dzhambulatova: Sat. articles int. scientific-practical conf. – Makhachkala 2012. – S. 2015-2018.

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JUSTIFICATION OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL

DIAGRAMS AND OPTIMIZATION OF MAIN PARAMETERS

COMBINED APPLICATION MACHINE

HERBICIDES DURING PRE-SOWING SOIL TILLAGE

Specialty 05.20.01 – Technologies and means of agricultural mechanization

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The effectiveness of the drug depends not only on the correctness of its choice, the active substance, timely use, but also on the serviceability and settings of the sprayer. It has been proven that the amount of the drug that reaches the plant and has the intended effect on it ranges from 10 to 90%, depending on the quality of the pesticide treatment.

“Any device that requires adjustment and adjustment,
usually does not lend itself to either one or the other.”
Arthur Bloch (Murphy's Laws)

Factors affecting spray quality

Dispersity of the solution.
For vertically growing crops, such as grains, large droplets that easily penetrate deep into the stem stand are optimal. For broadleaf plants such as potatoes, a fine mist is more suitable. Large drops are not able to reach the lower tier.
The thickness of the coating of the treated surface with the pesticide solution.
For herbicides, the density should be no more than 20–30 drops/cm², for insecticides and fungicides no more than 50–60 drops/cm². For systemic herbicides, uniformity of coverage is not very important; for contact preparations, maximum surface coverage is necessary.
Stable, uniform application of the solution along the working width of the boom and along the length of the headland.
The unevenness should not exceed 25% of the average value. Untimely replacement of nozzles can lead to an increase in the variation coefficient up to 60%, while the norm is 3–6%.
Accurate dosage of working fluid.
Wind drift of mortar.
When the wind increases, it is necessary to increase the droplet size to reduce drift.

Basic spraying parameters

Increasing the speed of the sprayer increases the turbulence of the outgoing flows, which reduces the controllability of the spray torch. Therefore, carrying out processing at high speeds requires the use of special engineering solutions.

A significant amount of time is lost when refueling sprayers, due to the large volume of water consumed to prepare the working solution. Reducing the volume of working fluid from 200 l/ha to 100 l/ha helps save up to 30% of time. However, most Syngenta drugs do not reduce their effectiveness. The exception is contact herbicides for broadleaf weeds.

Meteorological conditions for spraying

Do not spray immediately after rain or after dew. The complete absence of wind does not prevent the mortar from drifting, but makes it unpredictable.

How to check the functionality of the equipment

Fill the tank halfway with water.
Select motor speed for spraying. Set the operating speed on the tachometer.
Turn on the pump and set the pressure within the required range. For high pressure injection nozzles - 3–5 bar, low pressure - 2–3 bar.
Check the operation of all tips, shut-off valves, return lines, and agitator. Tips with a flat spray pattern are installed at an angle of 10° to the axis of the boom.
Using measuring containers, check the uniformity of liquid flow from the tips for 1 minute. If the deviation is ±5%, the tips must be replaced.
After replacing faulty tips, the test must be repeated.

Washing three times with small volumes of water (200 l) increases the cleaning efficiency of the sprayer system by 4 times compared to a single wash with a large volume (600 l). The tank and working parts should be washed every time before changing the drug. For this, water and a 1% ammonia solution are used.

Sprayer calibration for herbicide treatments

Modern trends in the creation of mechanization means in the field of plant protection are based on two fundamental principles, namely:

reliability and quality of the technological process;
environmental safety for the environment and humans.

The basics of calibrating a sprayer are the correct selection of processing speed, boom height, flow rate of working fluid, and selection of the type of sprayers.

Processing speed, boom height and working fluid consumption rate

When determining the optimal processing speed and the rate of consumption of the working fluid, it is necessary to take into account the target objects on which the working solution is deposited, the phase of crop development and weather and climatic conditions (solar insolation, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, etc.). The operator’s task is to get the product onto the target objects as much as possible.

In order to save biological activity of soil herbicide It is necessary to distribute it evenly when applying. If the plowed layer of soil is thin and the soil is lumpy, it is likely that after the clods of soil are washed away by rain, areas that have not been treated with herbicide will appear on the field. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to achieve an optimal droplet coverage density (20–30 pcs/cm²).

Based on this criterion, the flow rate of the working fluid with the correct choice of sprayer (with medium-disperse spray) should be at least 100 l/ha. However, with increased wind speed (4–5 m/s) and sprayer speed (over 16 km/h), the selected parameters may lead to a decrease in treatment efficiency. In order to minimize these risks, it is necessary to reduce the speed to 10 km/h, the operating pressure to the minimum permitted, the boom height to 40–50 cm and increase the flow rate of the working fluid to 150–180 l/ha.

Spray rates when applying post-emergence herbicides are limited by crop plants. The higher the speed, the more herbicide will be deposited on the crop itself. This can lead not only to a decrease in the effect of the herbicide on weeds, but also to a depressing effect on the cultivated plant (phytotoxicity).

To carry out post-emergence herbicide treatments, the spraying speed should not exceed 12 km/h, since an increase in speed will lead to a decrease in the penetration of the working fluid to the weeds and soil, especially when carrying out late herbicide treatments (boot phase in cereals). An exception may be cereals, where in the early stages of development (2–3 leaves in wheat), the processing speed can be increased to 14–16 km/h.

Choosing the right sprayer - quality application of the herbicide

In modern conditions, an equally important factor is the timely and high-quality administration of the drug in a short time. When purchasing new equipment, farms strive to reduce spraying costs by reducing the consumption rate of working fluid, as well as increasing the spraying speed, which directly affects the efficiency of treatment.

In order to reduce the risks of poor-quality treatment, Syngenta has developed exclusive sprayers for the application of all herbicides, which allow spraying with a reduced flow rate of working fluid (up to 100 l/ha) without loss of treatment efficiency.

Nozzles with variable droplet size BOXER

Look

Purpose: application of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on all crops.

Working fluid consumption - 100–200 l/ha
Processing speeds - 8–16 km/h
The optimal height of the rod is 0.5 meters
Spray angle - 83°
Spray attack angle - 40°
Operating pressure range - 1.5–4 atmospheres
Optimal operating pressure - 2–2.5 atmospheres
Depending on the pressure, the size and number of droplets changes (VP)

Benefits of use

Possible reduction in working fluid consumption up to 100 l/ha.
Increasing processing speed without loss of efficiency and risk to the crop.
Reduced fluid drift by up to 50% compared to standard slot sprayers.
Due to the spray angle of 83°, it became possible to reduce the risk of drug overdose during vertical vibrations of the boom (from 03 to 0.75 m).
The angle of attack of the spray torch (40°) allows you to distribute the working solution most evenly onto complex target objects (lumpy soil, cereal weeds).
When working on overgrown crops (wheat: “end of tillering” - “beginning of emergence”), better penetration of the working fluid into the stem is ensured.
Better performance when applying pre- and post-emergence herbicides.
Reducing the influence of boom height

Sprayer setup

Determining the actual speed of the sprayer

The speed of movement is determined directly in the field where spraying will be carried out (the density of the soil directly affects the speed of movement). An area of 50 or 100 meters is measured in the field. Install the sprayer 20 meters before the site, turn on the pump, set the operating pressure to 3 atmospheres and, with the pump turned on, measure the time it takes to pass this site. To calculate the speed, you can use the formula:

speed, km/h =	l	x 3.6, where
	t

l - distance, m;
t - time to travel the section, sec;
3.6 - conversion factor from m/s to km/h.

Example: (100 m / 36 sec) x 3.6 = 10 km/h

Determination of the required flow through one sprayer, depending on the required flow per hectare

Q - required flow rate of working fluid, l/ha;

Example: (200 l/ha x 10 km/h x 21 m) / (600 x 43 pcs) = 1.63 l/min

Determining Spray Size

Working pressure for slot sprayers is 1–3 atmospheres; for injection nozzles - 3–6 atmospheres.

Calculation of required pressure

l/min1	=	√pressure1	,	pressure2 =	(l/min2)² x pressure1	, Where
l/min2		√press2			(l/min1)²

l/min1 - actual flow through one nozzle (average of all);
l/min2 - outflow that needs to be obtained through one sprayer (the average of all);
pressure1 - actual, obtained when determining the fact of outflow;
pressure2 - the pressure that needs to be set on the pressure gauge to get the desired outflow.

Example: pressure2 = (1.63² x 2.5 atm) / 1.44²

Outflow calculation after calibration

Q=	600 x q x n	, Where
	N x V

Q - flow rate of working fluid, l/ha;
q - average outflow from one sprayer, l/min;
V is the actual speed of the sprayer in the selected gear, km/h;
N - rod grip width, m;
n is the actual number of sprayers on the boom;
600 is a constant coefficient.

Example: Q=(600 x 1.63 (l/min) x 43 (pcs)) / (21 (m) x 10 (km/h)) = 200 (l/ha)*

* - when calculating the actual pour rate, it is necessary to take into account the density of the working solution.
There is a correction factor for this.
k = √(1/(drug density)).
√(1/1,28) = 0,88.
(200 l/ha) / 0.88 = 227 l/ha - you need to calibrate the sprayer with water so that the flow of working fluid is 200 l/ha.